Expanded Substrate Scope and Improved Reactivity of Ether-Forming Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organotrifluoroborates and Acetals
摘要:
Mixed acetals and organotrifluoroborates undergo BF3 center dot OEt2-promoted cross-couplings to give dialkyl ethers under simple, mild conditions. A survey of reaction partners identified a hydroxamate leaving group that improves the regioselectivity and product yield in the BF3 center dot OEt2-promoted coupling reaction of mixed acetals and potassium alkynyl-, alkenyl-, aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates to access substituted dialkyl ethers. This leaving group enables the reaction to proceed rapidly under mild conditions (0 degrees C, 5-60 min) and permits reactions with electron-deficient potassium aryltrifluoroborates that are less reactive with other acetal substrates. A study of the reaction mechanism and characterization of key intermediates by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography identified a role for the hydroxamate moiety as a reversible leaving group that serves to stabilize the key oxocarbenium intermediate and the need for a slight excess of organodifluoroborane to serve as a catalyst. A secondary role for the boron nucleophile as an activating ligand was also considered. These studies provide the basis for a general class of reagents that lead to dialkyl ethers by a simple, predictable cross-coupling reaction.
Synthesis of Ethers from Carbonyl Compounds by Reductive Etherification Catalyzed by Iron(III) and Silyl Chloride
作者:Reko Leino、Risto Savela
DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1380155
日期:——
with ethyl acetate as the solvent. A simple iron- and silylchloridecatalyzed method for the preparation of symmetrical and nonsymmetrical ethers is presented. Various aldehydes and ketones were reductively etherified by using triethylsilane as a reducing agent in the presence of 2 mol% of iron(III) oxo acetate and 8 mol% of chloro(trimethyl)silane. The reactions can be carried out at ambient temperatures
[EN] METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROARTEMISININ AND ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVES<br/>[FR] PROCÉDÉ ET APPAREIL DE SYNTHÈSE DE DIHYDROARTÉMISININE ET DE DÉRIVÉS D'ARTÉMISININE
申请人:MAX PLANCK GES ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER WISSENSCHAFTEN E V
公开号:WO2015007693A1
公开(公告)日:2015-01-22
The present invention is directed to a method for continuous production of dihydroartemisinin and also artemisinin derivatives derived from dihydroartemisinin by using artemisinin or dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) as starting material as well as to a continuous flow reactor for producing dihydroartemisinin as well as the artemisinin derivatives. It was found that the reduction of artemisinin to dihydroartemisinin in a continuous process requires a special kind of reactor and a special combination of reagents comprising a hydride reducing agent, at least one activator such as an inorganic activator, at least one solid base, at least one aprotic solvent and at least one C1-C5 alcohol.
Method and apparatus for the synthesis of dihydroartemisinin and artemisinin derivatives
申请人:Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung
der Wissenschaften e.V.
公开号:EP2826779A1
公开(公告)日:2015-01-21
The present invention is directed to a method for continuous production of dihydroartemisinin and also artemisinin derivatives derived from dihydroartemisinin by using artemisinin or dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) as starting material as well as to a continuous flow reactor for producing dihydroartemisinin as well as the artemisinin derivatives. It was found that the reduction of artemisinin to dihydroartemisinin in a continuous process requires a special kind of reactor and a special combination of reagents comprising a hydride reducing agent, at least one activator such as an inorganic activator, at least one solid base, at least one aprotic solvent and at least one C1-C5 alcohol.
There are provided compounds having a superior PHD2 inhibitory effect that are represented by general formula (I′):
(in the above-mentioned general formula (I′),
W, Y, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, and Y
4
are as described hereinabove), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.