Azidolysis of α,β-Epoxycarboxylic Acids. A Water-Promoted Process Efficiently Catalyzed by Indium Trichloride at pH 4.0
摘要:
The catalytic efficiency of InCl3, Yb(OTf)(3), and Sc(OTf)(3) in the azidolysis of alpha,beta -epoxycarboxylic acids has been studied in water and in organic solvents, for comparison using NaN3 and Me3SiN3 as the source of the azido group. In water, the catalytic effectiveness of these metal salts strongly depends on the pH of the aqueous medium and on the type of Lewis acid catalyst. In water their catalytic activity is mostly due to the corresponding aqua ion species, the concentration of which becomes significant when the pH of the aqueous medium is below the corresponding pK(1,1) hydrolysis constant. The process is more efficient in water than in organic solvents. At pH 4.0, InCl3 is a far better catalyst than Yb(OTf)(3) or Sc(OTf)(3) and allows the highly regio- and diasteroselective preparation of beta -azido-alpha -hydroxycarboxylic acids, which can be isolated in pure form in very high yields.
Antiperspirant compositions containing a pigment often exhibit a dull colour if an inorganic pigment is employed, but if many bright organic pigments are used, the pigment is subject to photodegradation and accordingly fades. By incorporating selected types of polycyclic organic pigment, namely an organic pigment containing condensed aromatic or heterocyclic ring system that is free from an azo substituent and does not comprise, a di or th-arylcarbonium, or a xanthene based pigment, the antiperspirant composition comprises a bright pigment that is resistant to photodegradation. The composition is preferably anhydrous and advantageously a firm stick.
Antiperspirant compositions containing a pigment often exhibit a dull colour if an inorganic pigment is employed, but if many bright organic pigments are used, the pigment is subject to photodegradation and accordingly fades. By incorporating selected types of polycyclic organic pigment, namely an organic pigment containing condensed aromatic or heterocyclic ring system that is free from an azo substituent and does not comprise, a di or th-arylcarbonium, or a xanthene based pigment, the antiperspirant composition comprises a bright pigment that is resistant to photodegradation. The composition is preferably anhydrous and advantageously a firm stick.
Dianions derived from .alpha.-halo acids. The Darzens condensation revisited
作者:Carl R. Johnson、Thomas R. Bade
DOI:10.1021/jo00346a013
日期:1982.3
Azidolysis of α,β-Epoxycarboxylic Acids. A Water-Promoted Process Efficiently Catalyzed by Indium Trichloride at pH 4.0
The catalytic efficiency of InCl3, Yb(OTf)(3), and Sc(OTf)(3) in the azidolysis of alpha,beta -epoxycarboxylic acids has been studied in water and in organic solvents, for comparison using NaN3 and Me3SiN3 as the source of the azido group. In water, the catalytic effectiveness of these metal salts strongly depends on the pH of the aqueous medium and on the type of Lewis acid catalyst. In water their catalytic activity is mostly due to the corresponding aqua ion species, the concentration of which becomes significant when the pH of the aqueous medium is below the corresponding pK(1,1) hydrolysis constant. The process is more efficient in water than in organic solvents. At pH 4.0, InCl3 is a far better catalyst than Yb(OTf)(3) or Sc(OTf)(3) and allows the highly regio- and diasteroselective preparation of beta -azido-alpha -hydroxycarboxylic acids, which can be isolated in pure form in very high yields.