A Metabolic Screening Study of Trichostatin A (TSA) and TSA-Like Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Rat and Human Primary Hepatocyte Cultures
作者:G. Elaut、G. Laus、E. Alexandre、L. Richert、P. Bachellier、D. Tourwé、V. Rogiers、T. Vanhaecke
DOI:10.1124/jpet.106.116202
日期:2007.4
Hydroxamic acid (HA)-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, with trichostatin A (TSA) as the reference compound, are potential antitumoral drugs and show promise in the creation of long-term primary cell cultures. However, their metabolic properties have barely been investigated. TSA is rapidly inactivated in rodents both in vitro and in vivo. We previously found that 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzoyl)aminovaleric acid hydroxyamide or 4-Me2 N -BAVAH (compound 1 ) is metabolically more stable upon incubation with rat hepatocyte suspensions. In this study, we show that human hepatocytes also metabolize TSA more rapidly than compound 1 and that similar pathways are involved. Furthermore, structural analogs of compound 1 (compounds 2 - 9 ) are reported to have the same favorable metabolic properties. Removal of the dimethylamino substituent of compound 1 creates a very stable but 50% less potent inhibitor. Chain lengthening (4 to 5 carbon spacer) slightly improves both potency and metabolic stability, favoring HA reduction to hydrolysis. On the other hand, Cα-unsaturation and spacer methylation not only reduce HDAC inhibition but also increase the rate of metabolic inactivation approximately 2-fold, mainly through HA reduction. However, in rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures, compound 1 is shown to be extensively metabolized by phase II conjugation. In conclusion, this study suggests that simple structural modifications of amide-linked TSA analogs can improve their phase I metabolic stability in both rat and human hepatocyte suspensions. Phase II glucuronidation, however, can compensate for their lower phase I metabolism in rat hepatocyte monolayers and could play a yet unidentified role in the determination of their in vivo clearance.
基于羟肟酸(HA)的组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂,以三氢司他丁 A(TSA)为参照化合物,是一种潜在的抗肿瘤药物,在建立长期原代细胞培养物方面显示出前景。然而,对它们的代谢特性几乎没有进行过研究。TSA 在啮齿动物体内外都会迅速失活。我们之前发现,5-(4-二甲氨基苯甲酰基)氨基戊酸羟酰胺或 4-Me2 N -BAVAH(化合物 1)与大鼠肝细胞悬浮液培养后的代谢更稳定。在本研究中,我们发现人类肝细胞代谢 TSA 的速度也比化合物 1 快,而且涉及类似的途径。此外,据报道化合物 1 的结构类似物(化合物 2 - 9)也具有相同的良好代谢特性。去掉化合物 1 的二甲基氨基取代基后,会产生一种非常稳定的抑制剂,但药效会降低 50%。延长链(4 到 5 个碳间隔)可略微提高药效和代谢稳定性,使 HA 减少水解。另一方面,Cα-不饱和和间隔甲基化不仅会降低 HDAC 抑制作用,还会使代谢失活率提高约 2 倍,主要是通过 HA 还原。不过,在大鼠肝细胞单层培养物中,化合物 1 通过 II 期共轭作用被广泛代谢。总之,这项研究表明,对酰胺连接的 TSA 类似物进行简单的结构修饰就能提高它们在大鼠和人类肝细胞悬浮液中的 I 期代谢稳定性。然而,II 期葡糖醛酸化作用可弥补其在大鼠肝细胞单层中较低的 I 期代谢,并可在确定其体内清除率方面发挥尚未确定的作用。