Therapeutic Index of Gramicidin S is Strongly Modulated by d-Phenylalanine Analogues at the β-Turn
摘要:
Analogues of the cationic antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S (GS), cyclo(Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro)(2), with D-Phe residues replaced by different (restricted mobility, mostly) surrogates have been synthesized and used in SAR studies against several pathogenic bacteria. While all D-Phe substitutions are shown by NMR to preserve the overall beta-sheet conformation, they entail subtle structural alterations that lead to significant modifications in biological activity. In particular, the analogue incorporating D-Tic (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) shows a modest but significant increase in therapeutic index, mostly due to a sharp decrease in hemolytic effect. The fact that NMR data show a shortened distance between the D-Tic aromatic ring and the Orn delta-amino group may help explain the improved antibiotic profile of this analogue.
Therapeutic Index of Gramicidin S is Strongly Modulated by d-Phenylalanine Analogues at the β-Turn
摘要:
Analogues of the cationic antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S (GS), cyclo(Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro)(2), with D-Phe residues replaced by different (restricted mobility, mostly) surrogates have been synthesized and used in SAR studies against several pathogenic bacteria. While all D-Phe substitutions are shown by NMR to preserve the overall beta-sheet conformation, they entail subtle structural alterations that lead to significant modifications in biological activity. In particular, the analogue incorporating D-Tic (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) shows a modest but significant increase in therapeutic index, mostly due to a sharp decrease in hemolytic effect. The fact that NMR data show a shortened distance between the D-Tic aromatic ring and the Orn delta-amino group may help explain the improved antibiotic profile of this analogue.
Preparation of 5-nitro-2-amino[<i>b</i>]thiophenes and 1-(2-amino-5-nitrophenyl)ethanones<i>via</i>microwave irradiation
作者:Afsha Rais、Haribabu Ankati、Ed Biehl
DOI:10.1002/jhet.88
日期:2009.7
1-(2-Chloro-5-nitrophenyl)ethanone) reacts with various amines in the presence of sulfur under microwave radiation to give the corresponding 2-aminobenzo[b]-thiophenes in good yields. The yields of are vastly superior to those obtained using conventional heating. Additionally, 1-(2-amino-5-nitrophenyl)ethanones were also obtained. A mechanism is proposed in which 2-amino thiophenes are formed by a
1-(2-氯-5-硝基苯基)乙酮在微波辐射下在硫的存在下与各种胺反应,生成相应的2-氨基苯并[ b ]-噻吩丰产。的产量大大优于使用常规加热获得的那些。此外,1-(2-氨基-5-硝基苯基)乙酮也获得了。提出了一种机制,其中2-氨基噻吩由S被形成Ñ氩机制涉及分子内加成中间硫代酰胺的硫与2-取代碳,得到迈森海梅复合物,其折叠到2-氨基噻吩和2-氨基酮()是由涉及亲核加成胺的2-氯位置的平行途径形成的形成Meisensheimer配合物,该配合物崩解为氨基乙酮。J.杂环化学,(2009)。