Tubocurarine is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
注射（刺伤/咬伤）
Injection (sting/bite) (L1256)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
症状
库亚雷是一种肌肉松弛剂，因此会导致麻痹。
Curare is a muscle relaxant and thus causes paraylsis. (L1256)
AFTER IV ADMIN OF (3)H-D-TUBOCURARINE TO DOGS, 36% OF (3)H WAS EXCRETED IN URINE IN 3 HR & 75% IN 24 HR. KINETICS INDICATED THAT RENAL EXCRETION OCCURRED BY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION, & AS THERE WOULD BE NEGLIGIBLE TUBULAR REABSORPTION FOR THIS POORLY LIPID-SOL, IONIZED DRUG, ELIMINATION WAS RAPID.
Up to two-thirds of an administered dose of tubocurarine is excreted in the urine over a period of several hours; smaller quantities appear in the bile, and a variable amount is metabolized. Insignificant amounts of tubocurarine cross the placenta.
The brief duration of paralysis following the initial dose is due to redistribution of the drug; when repeated doses are administered, the tissues become saturated and factors of degradation and excretion then directly influence intensity and duration of action.
INITIAL APPARENT VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION OF TUBOCURARINE WAS APPROX SAME AS SERUM VOLUME & APPEARED TO INCR WITH SIZE OF DOSE. FRACTION OF DOSE WAS DISTRIBUTED IN NON-VASCULAR SPACES OR BOUND TO TISSUE @ LARGER DOSES.
Substituted 1,3-thiazole compounds, their production and use
申请人：——
公开号：US20040053973A1
公开（公告）日：2004-03-18
(1) A 1,3-thiazole compound of which the 5-position is substituted with a 4-pyridyl group having a substituent including no aromatic group or (2) a 1,3-thiazole compound of which the 5-position is substituted with a pyridyl group having at the position adjacent to a nitrogen atom of the pyridyl group a substituent including no aromatic group has an excellent p38 MAP kinase inhibitory activity.
Methods useful for reducing pulmonary vasoconstriction or improving pulmonary hemodynamics in a patient are disclosed. More particularly, this invention relates to administering A
1
adenosine receptor antagonists to reduce pulmonary vasoconstriction and improve pulmonary hemodynamics.
The present invention relates to dendrimer synthesis. Specifically, the present invention relates to triazine scaffolds capable of click chemistry for one-step synthesis of functionalized dendrimers, and methods of making and using the same.
BENZAZEPINE DERIVATIVE, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND USE
申请人：Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.
公开号：EP1422228A1
公开（公告）日：2004-05-26
The present invention provides a novel benzazepine derivative represented by formula :
wherein, R1 is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring, R2 is lower alkyl group, etc., Y is an optionally substituted imino group, ring A and ring B are independently an optionally substituted aromatic ring, W is formula -W1-X2-W2- (W1 and W2 are independently S(O)m1 (m1 is 0, 1 or 2), etc., and X2 is an optionally substituted alkylene groupetc. ), a preparation method and use thereof.
[EN] HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE AS RETINOID-RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR (ROR) GAMMA-T INHIBITORS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS HÉTÉROCYCLIQUES ET LEUR UTILISATION EN TANT QU'INHIBITEURS GAMMA-T DU RÉCEPTEUR ORPHELIN APPARENTÉ AUX RÉCEPTEURS DES RÉTINOÏDES (ROR) )
申请人：TAKEDA PHARMACEUTICAL
公开号：WO2016002968A1
公开（公告）日：2016-01-07
Provided are heterocyclic compounds having a RORγt inhibitory action represented by the formula (I): wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, or a salt thereof.
