Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as arginic acid are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
Without affecting the overall 3D structure, amide‐to‐ester backbone substitution (or ester scan) exerts a pronounced influence on the conformational equilibrium of the RGD cyclopeptide cilengitide and its derivatives (see figure; RGD=Arg‐Gly‐Asp). The appropriate substitution, which stabilized the receptor‐complementary conformations, improved the biological activity of this integrin antagonist.
The present invention is concerned with a compounds of the general formula
wherein R, R', R", R"', R"", X and n arc as defined in the description and the claims and the use of said compound as ionization modifier. The invention further relates to a method for the quantification of a polypeptide or fragments thereof from a source containing said polypeptide in labeled and unlabeled form comprising (a) modifying the isolated polypeptide with a ionization modifier, (b) analyzing the prepared polypeptide or fragments thereof by mass spectrometry, and thereby determining the amount of polypeptide or fragments thereof that was present in the source of polypeptide or fragments thereof.
Composition de mise en forme des cheveux comprenant au moins une imine hors hydroxyde
申请人:L'OREAL
公开号:EP1532960A1
公开(公告)日:2005-05-25
L'invention a pour objet une composition cosmétique de mise en forme permanente des fibres kératiniques prête à l'emploi contenant, en tant qu'agent actif de mise en forme permanente, une imine n'appartenant pas à la famille des hydroxydes. Elle vise également un kit contenant des compartiments à mettre en contact pour former la composition prête à l'emploi, ainsi qu'un procédé mettant en oeuvre cette composition.
Composition de défrisage des cheveux comprenant au moins une imine hors hydroxyde
申请人:L'OREAL
公开号:EP1532963A1
公开(公告)日:2005-05-25
L'invention a pour objet une composition cosmétique de défrisage des fibres kératiniques prête à l'emploi, le milieu cosmétiquement acceptable étant exempt d'alcane polyhydroxylé, contenant, en tant qu'agent actif de défrisage, une imine n'appartenant pas à la famille des hydroxydes. Elle vise également un kit contenant des compartiments à mettre en contact pour former la composition prête à l'emploi, ainsi qu'un procédé mettant en oeuvre cette composition.
Hair shaping composition comprising at least one non-hydroxide imine
申请人:Malle Gerard
公开号:US20050129645A1
公开(公告)日:2005-06-16
The disclosure relates to ready-to-use cosmetic compositions for permanently shaping keratin fibers comprising, as a permanent hair-shaping active agent, an imine not belonging to the hydroxide family. The disclosure also provides kits comprising compartments to be placed in contact to form the ready-to-use compositions, and processes using these compositions.