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(R)-2-Methylmalate | 2306-22-1

中文名称
——
中文别名
——
英文名称
(R)-2-Methylmalate
英文别名
(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanedioate
(R)-2-Methylmalate化学式
CAS
2306-22-1
化学式
C5H6O5-2
mdl
——
分子量
146.1
InChiKey
XFTRTWQBIOMVPK-RXMQYKEDSA-L
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    0.2
  • 重原子数:
    10
  • 可旋转键数:
    1
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.6
  • 拓扑面积:
    101
  • 氢给体数:
    1
  • 氢受体数:
    5

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    参考文献:
    名称:
    詹氏甲烷球菌中丙酮酸生成2-氧代丁酸酯的途径的酶学和演化。
    摘要:
    古代甲烷甲烷球菌使用三种不同的2-含氧酸延长途径,这些途径延长了亮氨酸,异亮氨酸和辅酶B生物合成中前体的链长。在这些途径的每一种中,乌头酸酶型水解酶催化羟酸异构化反应。詹氏甲烷球菌的基因组序列编码形成水解酶的每个大亚基和小亚基的两个同源物,但是这些基因不是共转录的。这些基因彼此之间比以前表征的苹果酸异丙酯异构酶或高纯硝酸酶基因更相似。为了鉴定这些同源物的功能,亚单位的四种组合在大肠杆菌中异源表达,纯化并重建以产生全酶的铁硫中心。只有MJ0499和MJ1277蛋白的组合才能催化苹果酸异丙酯和柠檬酸酯的异构化反应。该对还使用柠檬酸柠檬酸酯和马来酸酯催化水合半反应。另一种广泛特异性的酶,苹果酸异丙酯脱氢酶(MJ0720)催化β-异丙基苹果酸,β-甲基苹果酸和d-苹果酸的氧化脱羧。结合这些结果,系统发育分析表明,丙酮酸通向2-氧代丁酸的途径(异亮氨酸生物合成中苏氨酸脱水酶的替代物)在细菌和古细菌中
    DOI:
    10.1128/jb.00166-07
  • 作为产物:
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Isoleucine Biosynthesis in Leptospira interrogans Serotype lai Strain 56601 Proceeds via a Threonine-Independent Pathway
    摘要:
    摘要 三 leuA -蛋白编码序列。 钩端螺旋体 .其中一个 cimA 基因编码柠檬醛酸合成酶(EC 4.1.3.-)。另外两个基因编码α-异丙基丙二酸合成酶(EC 4.1.3.12)。在 大肠杆菌 纯化并鉴定了柠檬丙二酸合成酶。虽然其活性相对较低,但它对酮酸底物丙酮酸具有严格的特异性。与嗜热菌的柠檬醛酸合成酶不同的是 不同。 不同的是 L. interrogans 酶对温度敏感,但它对酮酸底物丙酮酸的特异性要低得多。 K m (0.04 mM)。反应产物的特征为 R )-柠檬醛酸,以及拟议的 β-甲基-(R) d 通过证明柠檬酸盐是接下来反应的底物,进一步证实了所提出的 β-甲基-d-丙二酸盐途径。通过检测大肠杆菌中的钩端螺旋异丙基丙二酸异构酶(EC 4.2.1.33)和 β-异丙基丙二酸脱氢酶(EC 1.1.1.85),分析了丙酮酸异亮氨酸的体外生物合成途径。 大肠杆菌 大肠杆菌ilvA 的互补作用,在含有相应克隆的大肠杆菌提取物和体内 大肠杆菌 ilvA , leuC / D 和 突变体 突变体。因此,异亮氨酸生物合成的亮氨酸样途径存在于 L. interrogans 在生理条件下异亮氨酸生物合成途径的存在得到了明确的证明。cimA 突变体的酶活性或 mRNA 水平的显著变化 cimA 和 leuA 基因在 L. interrogans 细胞中检测到了 cimA 和 leuA 基因。这种代谢途径在钩端螺旋体和古细菌中的相似性与真细菌螺旋体在进化过程中的原始地位是一致的。
    DOI:
    10.1128/jb.186.16.5400-5409.2004
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文献信息

  • Isoleucine Biosynthesis in <i>Leptospira interrogans</i> Serotype lai Strain 56601 Proceeds via a Threonine-Independent Pathway
    作者:Hai Xu、Yuzhen Zhang、Xiaokui Guo、Shuangxi Ren、Andreas A. Staempfli、Juishen Chiao、Weihong Jiang、Guoping Zhao
    DOI:10.1128/jb.186.16.5400-5409.2004
    日期:2004.8.15
    ABSTRACT

    Three leuA -like protein-coding sequences were identified in Leptospira interrogans . One of these, the cimA gene, was shown to encode citramalate synthase (EC 4.1.3.-). The other two encoded α-isopropylmalate synthase (EC 4.1.3.12). Expressed in Escherichia coli , the citramalate synthase was purified and characterized. Although its activity was relatively low, it was strictly specific for pyruvate as the keto acid substrate. Unlike the citramalate synthase of the thermophile Methanococcus jannaschii , the L. interrogans enzyme is temperature sensitive but exhibits a much lower K m (0.04 mM) for pyruvate. The reaction product was characterized as ( R )-citramalate, and the proposed β-methyl- d -malate pathway was further confirmed by demonstrating that citraconate was the substrate for the following reaction. This alternative pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis from pyruvate was analyzed both in vitro by assays of leptospiral isopropylmalate isomerase (EC 4.2.1.33) and β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.85) in E. coli extracts bearing the corresponding clones and in vivo by complementation of E. coli ilvA , leuC / D , and leuB mutants. Thus, the existence of a leucine-like pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis in L. interrogans under physiological conditions was unequivocally proven. Significant variations in either the enzymatic activities or mRNA levels of the cimA and leuA genes were detected in L. interrogans grown on minimal medium supplemented with different levels of the corresponding amino acids or in cells grown on serum-containing rich medium. The similarity of this metabolic pathway in leptospires and archaea is consistent with the evolutionarily primitive status of the eubacterial spirochetes.

    摘要 三 leuA -蛋白编码序列。 钩端螺旋体 .其中一个 cimA 基因编码柠檬醛酸合成酶(EC 4.1.3.-)。另外两个基因编码α-异丙基丙二酸合成酶(EC 4.1.3.12)。在 大肠杆菌 纯化并鉴定了柠檬丙二酸合成酶。虽然其活性相对较低,但它对酮酸底物丙酮酸具有严格的特异性。与嗜热菌的柠檬醛酸合成酶不同的是 不同。 不同的是 L. interrogans 酶对温度敏感,但它对酮酸底物丙酮酸的特异性要低得多。 K m (0.04 mM)。反应产物的特征为 R )-柠檬醛酸,以及拟议的 β-甲基-(R) d 通过证明柠檬酸盐是接下来反应的底物,进一步证实了所提出的 β-甲基-d-丙二酸盐途径。通过检测大肠杆菌中的钩端螺旋异丙基丙二酸异构酶(EC 4.2.1.33)和 β-异丙基丙二酸脱氢酶(EC 1.1.1.85),分析了丙酮酸异亮氨酸的体外生物合成途径。 大肠杆菌 大肠杆菌ilvA 的互补作用,在含有相应克隆的大肠杆菌提取物和体内 大肠杆菌 ilvA , leuC / D 和 突变体 突变体。因此,异亮氨酸生物合成的亮氨酸样途径存在于 L. interrogans 在生理条件下异亮氨酸生物合成途径的存在得到了明确的证明。cimA 突变体的酶活性或 mRNA 水平的显著变化 cimA 和 leuA 基因在 L. interrogans 细胞中检测到了 cimA 和 leuA 基因。这种代谢途径在钩端螺旋体和古细菌中的相似性与真细菌螺旋体在进化过程中的原始地位是一致的。
  • Elucidation of an Alternate Isoleucine Biosynthesis Pathway in <i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i>
    作者:Carla Risso、Stephen J. Van Dien、Amber Orloff、Derek R. Lovley、Maddalena V. Coppi
    DOI:10.1128/jb.01841-07
    日期:2008.4
    a single pathway for the biosynthesis of isoleucine that was analogous to that of Escherichia coli, in which the isoleucine precursor 2-oxobutanoate is generated from threonine. 13C labeling studies performed in G. sulfurreducens indicated that this pathway accounted for a minor fraction of isoleucine biosynthesis and that the majority of isoleucine was instead derived from acetyl-coenzyme A and pyruvate
    硫还原地杆菌的中心代谢模型包括一条与大肠杆菌类似的异亮氨酸生物合成途径,其中异亮氨酸前体 2-氧代丁酸酯由苏氨酸产生。在 G.sulfurreducens 中进行的 13C 标记研究表明,该途径占异亮氨酸生物合成的一小部分,而大部分异亮氨酸来自乙酰辅酶 A 和丙酮酸,可能通过柠檬酸途径。编码柠檬酸合酶 (GSU1798) 的基因(催化柠檬酸途径中的第一个专用步骤)和苏氨酸解氨酶(GSU0486),其催化苏氨酸转化为 2-氧代丁酸,被鉴定并敲除。缺乏这两种酶的突变体是异亮氨酸的营养缺陷型,而单个突变体能够在没有异亮氨酸的情况下生长。单个突变体的生化特征揭示了柠檬酸合酶和苏氨酸解氨酶活性的缺陷。因此,在 G.sulfurreducens 中,2-氧代丁酸可以从柠檬酸或苏氨酸合成,前者是异亮氨酸生物合成的主要途径。G.sulfurreducens 的柠檬酸合酶构成了系统发育上独特的柠檬酸合酶进化
  • Molecular basis of the substrate specificity and the catalytic mechanism of citramalate synthase from <i>Leptospira interrogans</i>
    作者:Jun Ma、Peng Zhang、Zilong Zhang、Manwu Zha、Hai Xu、Guoping Zhao、Jianping Ding
    DOI:10.1042/bj20080242
    日期:2008.10.1

    Leptospira interrogans is the causative agent for leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of global importance. In contrast with most other micro-organisms, L. interrogans employs a pyruvate pathway to synthesize isoleucine and LiCMS (L. interrogans citramalate synthase) catalyses the first reaction of the pathway which converts pyruvate and acetyl-CoA into citramalate, thus making it an attractive target for the development of antibacterial agents. We report here the crystal structures of the catalytic domain of LiCMS and its complexes with substrates, and kinetic and mutagenesis studies of LiCMS, which together reveal the molecular basis of the high substrate specificity and the catalytic mechanism of LiCMS. The catalytic domain consists of a TIM barrel flanked by an extended C-terminal region. It forms a homodimer in the crystal structure, and the active site is located at the centre of the TIM barrel near the C-terminal ends of the β-strands and is composed of conserved residues of the β-strands of one subunit and the C-terminal region of the other. The substrate specificity of LiCMS towards pyruvate against other α-oxo acids is dictated primarily by residues Leu81, Leu104 and Tyr144, which form a hydrophobic pocket to accommodate the C2-methyl group of pyruvate. The catalysis follows the typical aldol condensation reaction, in which Glu146 functions as a catalytic base to activate the methyl group of acetyl-CoA to form an enolated acetyl-CoA intermediate and Arg16 as a general acid to stabilize the intermediate.

    钩端螺旋体是钩端螺旋体病的病原体,这是一种具有全球重要性的人畜共患疾病。与大多数其他微生物不同,L. interrogans 采用丙酮酸途径合成异亮氨酸,LiCMS(L. interrogans 柠檬酸合成酶)催化该途径的第一个反应,将丙酮酸和乙酰-CoA 转化为柠檬酸,从而使其成为开发抗菌剂的一个有吸引力的目标。我们在此报告了 LiCMS 催化结构域及其与底物复合物的晶体结构,以及 LiCMS 的动力学和诱变研究,这些研究共同揭示了 LiCMS 高底物特异性的分子基础和催化机理。催化结构域由一个 TIM 桶组成,两侧是扩展的 C 端区域。它在晶体结构中形成一个同源二聚体,活性位点位于 TIM 桶的中心,靠近 β 链的 C 端,由一个亚基的 β 链和另一个亚基的 C 端区的保守残基组成。LiCMS 对丙酮酸和其他 α-oxo 酸的底物特异性主要由 Leu81、Leu104 和 Tyr144 残基决定,这些残基形成了一个疏水袋,以容纳丙酮酸的 C2-甲基。催化作用遵循典型的醛醇缩合反应,其中 Glu146 作为催化碱激活乙酰-CoA 的甲基,形成烯醇化乙酰-CoA 中间体,Arg16 作为一般酸稳定中间体。
  • ( R )-Citramalate Synthase in Methanogenic Archaea
    作者:David M. Howell、Huimin Xu、Robert H. White
    DOI:10.1128/jb.181.1.331-333.1999
    日期:1999.1
    ABSTRACT

    The Methanococcus jannaschii gene MJ1392 was cloned, and its protein product was hyperexpressed in Escherichia coli . The resulting protein was purified and shown to catalyze the condensation of pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A, with the formation of ( R )-citramalate. Thus, this gene ( cimA ) encodes an ( R )-citramalate synthase (CimA). This is the first identification of this enzyme, which is likely involved in the biosynthesis of isoleucine.

    摘要 该 甲烷球菌 克隆了MJ1392基因,并将其蛋白产物在 大肠杆菌 .纯化后的蛋白可催化丙酮酸与乙酰辅酶 A 的缩合,形成 ( R )-柠檬醛酸。因此,该基因 ( cimA )编码一种( R )-柠檬醛酸合成酶(CimA)。这是首次发现这种酶,它很可能参与了异亮氨酸的生物合成。
  • Properties of Succinyl-Coenzyme A:<scp>d</scp>-Citramalate Coenzyme A Transferase and Its Role in the Autotrophic 3-Hydroxypropionate Cycle of<i>Chloroflexus aurantiacus</i>
    作者:Silke Friedmann、Birgit E. Alber、Georg Fuchs
    DOI:10.1128/jb.00659-06
    日期:2006.9.15
    ABSTRACT

    The phototrophic bacteriumChloroflexus aurantiacususes the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle for autotrophic CO2fixation. This cycle starts with acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and produces glyoxylate. Glyoxylate is an unconventional cell carbon precursor that needs special enzymes for assimilation. Glyoxylate is combined with propionyl-CoA to β-methylmalyl-CoA, which is converted to citramalate. Cell extracts catalyzed the succinyl-CoA-dependent conversion of citramalate to acetyl-CoA and pyruvate, the central cell carbon precursor. This reaction is due to the combined action of enzymes that were upregulated during autotrophic growth, a coenzyme A transferase with the use of succinyl-CoA as the CoA donor and a lyase cleaving citramalyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA and pyruvate. Genomic analysis identified a gene coding for a putative coenzyme A transferase. The gene was heterologously expressed inEscherichia coliand shown to code for succinyl-CoA:d-citramalate coenzyme A transferase. This enzyme, which catalyzes the reactiond-citramalate + succinyl-CoA →d-citramalyl-CoA + succinate, was purified and studied. It belongs to class III of the coenzyme A transferase enzyme family, with an aspartate residue in the active site. The homodimeric enzyme composed of 44-kDa subunits was specific for succinyl-CoA as a CoA donor but also acceptedd-malate and itaconate instead ofd-citramalate. The CoA transferase gene is part of a cluster of genes which are cotranscribed, including the gene ford-citramalyl-CoA lyase. It is proposed that the CoA transferase and the lyase catalyze the last two steps in the glyoxylate assimilation route.

    摘要光营养细菌欧氏绿僵菌利用 3-羟基丙酸循环进行自养型二氧化碳固定。该循环以乙酰辅酶 A(CoA)为起点,产生乙醛酸。乙醛酸是一种非常规的细胞碳前体,需要特殊的酶进行同化。乙醛酸与丙酰-CoA 结合生成 β-甲基丙酰-CoA,然后转化为柠檬醛酸。细胞提取物催化琥珀酰-CoA 依赖性地将柠檬醛酸转化为乙酰-CoA 和丙酮酸(细胞的核心碳前体)。这一反应是由于自养生长过程中上调的酶的联合作用,即使用琥珀酰-CoA 作为 CoA 供体的辅酶 A 转移酶和将柠檬酰-CoA 分解为乙酰-CoA 和丙酮酸的裂解酶。基因组分析确定了一个编码推定辅酶 A 转移酶的基因。该基因在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中进行异源表达,结果显示其编码为琥珀酰-CoA:d-柠檬醛酸辅酶 A 转移酶。对这种催化d-柠檬醛酸+琥珀酰-CoA →d-柠檬醛酸-CoA+琥珀酸反应的酶进行了纯化和研究。它属于辅酶 A 转移酶家族的第三类,活性位点上有一个天冬氨酸残基。这种由 44 kDa 亚基组成的同源二聚体酶对作为 CoA 供体的琥珀酰-CoA 具有特异性,但也接受 d-苹果酸和伊塔康酸,而不是 d-柠檬酸。CoA 转移酶基因是包括 d-柠檬酰-CoA 裂解酶基因在内的同源转录基因簇的一部分。据推测,CoA 转移酶和裂解酶催化乙醛酸同化途径的最后两个步骤。
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