Formaldehyde may be absorbed following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure. It is an essential metabolic intermediate in all cells and is produced during the normal metabolism of serine, glycine, methionine, and choline and also by the demethylation of N-, S-, and O-methyl compounds. Exogenous formaldehyde is metabolized to formate by the enzyme formaldehyde dehydrogenase at the initial site of contact. After oxidation of formaldehyde to formate, the carbon atom is further oxidized to carbon dioxide or incorporated into purines, thymidine, and amino acids via tetrahydrofolatedependent one-carbon biosynthetic pathways. Formaldehyde is not stored in the body and is excreted in the urine (primarily as formic acid), incorporated into other cellular molecules, or exhaled as carbon dioxide. (L962)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: DMDM hydantoin is a cosmetic preservative. It is described as being a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, effective against fungi, yeast, and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: DMDM Hydantoin is a formaldehyde releaser, which means that the substance can release a formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is classified as carcinogenic and allergenic. A 1-year study was conducted to examine the frequency of sensitization to a series of 13 common preservatives. A group of 2,295 consecutive outpatients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis was tested in this study. The rates of positive reactions to the preservatives studied are as follows: formaldehyde 5.7%, and DMDM hydantoin 1.7%. DMDH hydantoin also causes irreversible eye damage. ANIMAL STUDIES: From the dermal study in rabbits it was concluded that the test material was practically nonirritating to the skins of rabbits receiving the 0.008 g/kg dose and mildly to moderately irritating to those receiving the 0.8 g/kg dose. In a developmental study a 55% DMDM Hydantoin solution was administered orally via gavage to rabbits. Only one test substance-related death was reported. There were no significant differences between control (positive and negative) and experimental groups concerning the incidence of necropsy findings. The results of external and skeletal fetal examinations were not significantly different between negative control and experimental groups. The test substance did not induce strand breaks or cross-links in rat testicular DNA after oral administration to rats. A 55% DMDM Hydantoin solution was tested in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome preincubation mutagenicity assay using the following strains of S. typhimurium with and without metabolic activation: TA-98, TA-100, TA-1535, TA-1537, and TA-1538. A positive response (3.2 fold increase in average number of revertants) was noted for strain TA-98, without metabolic activation; with metabolic activation, a 1.9-fold increase was noted. Additionally, increases of 2.2-fold and 1.7-fold were noted for strain TA-100 with and without activation, respectively. A 55% DMDM Hydantoin solution was tested in the L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay, with and without metabolic activation. Under the conditions of testing, the test substance caused a significant dose-dependent increase in the mutant frequency of cultures treated in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation.
DMDM hydantoin is a formaldehyde releaser. It is likely that formaldehyde toxicity occurs when intracellular levels saturate formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity, allowing the unmetabolized intact molecule to exert its effects. Formaldehyde is known to form cross links between protein and DNA and undergo metabolic incorporation into macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins). (L962, L1896)
A 0.1 mL aqueous solution containing 0.1 mCi of 1,3-dihydroxymethyl-5,5'-dimethylhydantoin-5-(14)-C was applied to the middorsal area of young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 72 hours, more than 90% of the applied dose was recovered; more than 98% of the recovered activity was confined to the dose site. At the time of killing, less than 1% of the radioactivity was distributed in all body tissues. The higher counts of radioactivity were reported for the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and bone marrow. For most tissue samples, there was no evidence of accumulation of DMDM Hydantoin or its metabolites. DMDM Hydantoin and its metabolites are excreted primarily via the urine. The amount of (14)C activity in the urine decreased approximately 6 times over a 72-hour period; radioactivity in the feces remained approximately constant and significantly below that of the urine.
[EN] IMPROVED CORROSION AND MICROBIAL CONTROL IN HYDROCARBONACEOUS COMPOSITIONS<br/>[FR] LUTTE AMÉLIORÉE CONTRE LA CORROSION ET CONTRE LES MICROBES DANS DES COMPOSITIONS HYDROCARBONÉES
申请人：ANGUS CHEMICAL
公开号：WO2009140062A1
公开（公告）日：2009-11-19
Provided are additives of formula I for use in hydrocarbonaceous compositions, such as petroleum or liquid fuels: (I) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are as defined herein. The additives improve the corrosion resistance of the compositions. The additives also enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of any added biocides contained in such compositions.
COMPOUNDS FOR PREVENTING, REDUCING AND/OR ALLEVIATING ITCHY SKIN CONDITION(S)
申请人：SCHMAUS Gerhard
公开号：US20160008297A1
公开（公告）日：2016-01-14
The present invention primarily relates to the use of one or more specific compounds and/or one or more respective salt(s) thereof for preventing, reducing or alleviating itchy skin condition(s), and/or as PAR-2 antagonist. Furthermore, the present invention relates to compositions (products or, respectively, formulations), in particular for topical administration, preferably cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions, in particular for preventing, reducing or alleviating one or more itchy skin conditions and/or for providing a PAR-2 antagonistic effect, comprising or consisting of an effect amount of such compound(s) and/or salt(s) and one or more cosmetically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
The invention relates to compositions containing one or more compounds of the formula (1), wherein R
1
CO and R
2
CO are linear or branched saturated acyl groups independent of each other, having 18 to 24 C atoms, and A
−
is a counter-ion, and the total amount of C
18-23
-alkyl COO groups is 40.0 wt.-% or more, based on all groups R
1
COO— and R
2
COO—. The compositions are, for example, cosmetic, dermatological, or pharmaceutical compositions.
A cosmetic agent, in particular a styling agent, containing, in a cosmetically acceptable carrier, a) at least one copolymer A made of at least one monomer A1 selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid alkyl esters, and methacrylic acid alkyl esters, and at least one amphoteric monomer A2 selected from (meth)acryloylalkylbetaines of formula (A2-I) and (meth)acryloylalkylamine oxides of formula (A2-II), such that in formula (A2-I) and in formula (A2-II), R
1
denotes H or CH
3
, R
2
and R
3
, mutually independently in each case, denote optionally branched C
1-10
alkyl, and n denotes an integer from 1 to 20, and b) at least one film-forming and/or setting amphoteric polymer B different from copolymer A; and use of the agents for the temporary deformation of hairs.
