Copper-Catalyzed Homodimerization of Nitronates and Enolates under an Oxygen Atmosphere
摘要:
A method for copper-catalyzed oxidative dimerization of nitronates and enolates using oxygen as the terminal oxidant has been developed. Cyclization through oxidative intramolecular coupling is also feasible for both nitronates and enolates. The mild reaction conditions lead to good functional group tolerance.
The dinitronate dianions of 2,6-dinitroalkanes were oxidised to 1,2-dinitrocyclopentanes via intermediate α-nitroalkyl radicals by stereoselective cyclisation in high yields.
Process for reducing engine wear in the operation of an internal combustion engine
申请人:——
公开号:US20030164147A1
公开(公告)日:2003-09-04
This invention relates to a process for reducing engine wear in the operation of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
(A) recirculating at least part of the exhaust gas from the engine to the intake air supply of the engine; and
(B) operating the engine using a water-blended fuel composition made by combining: (i) a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel; (ii) water; and (iii) at least one surfactant.
A combustion modifier for an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion that reduces nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter from the emissions of internal combustion engines. A class of combustion modifiers used in this invention contain nitrogen. The nitrogen-containing combustion modifiers are nitro compounds, hydroxylamines or salts thereof, nitrogen compounds having at least one strained ring group containing from 3 to 5 ring atoms, nitrites, nitramines and mixtures thereof. The non nitrogen-containing combustion modifier comprises compounds containing at least one strained ring compound.
The invention relates to the use of an emulsified fuel in combination with an engine oil that shows a synergistic effect in reducing emissions such as particulate matter, hydrocarbons and/or nitrogen oxides (NO, NO
2
, N
2
O, collectively NOx) and/or reducing wear from an engine.
本发明涉及一种乳化燃料与发动机油的结合使用,这种乳化燃料在减少颗粒物、碳氢化合物和/或氮氧化物(NO、NO
2
, N
2
O,统称氮氧化物)和/或减少发动机磨损方面显示出协同效应。
Fuel composition having a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel, water, a high molecular weight emulsifier, and a nitrogen-free surfactant including a hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acid or a reaction product of the hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acid or reactive equivalent of such acid with an alcohol
申请人:Filippini B. Brian
公开号:US20060162240A1
公开(公告)日:2006-07-27
The invention provides a water blended fuel composition made by combining (i) a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel; (ii) water; (iii) a nitrogen-free surfactant; and an acid having a pKa of up to about 6.