zinc acetate | 1033770-28-3

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 羧酸及其衍生物
• 英文名称: zinc acetate
• 英文别名: zinc(II) acetate；zinc diacetate；Zn(OAc)2；zinc;diacetate
• CAS: 1033770-28-3
• 化学式: C₄H₆O₄Zn
• 分子量: 183.479
• InChiKey: DJWUNCQRNNEAKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -2.49
• 重原子数：
  9
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.5
• 拓扑面积：
  80.3
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

锌在食物消化过程中以自由离子的形式释放。这些自由离子随后可能与内源性分泌的配体结合，然后被运输到十二指肠和空肠的肠细胞中。特定的运输蛋白质可能促进锌穿过细胞膜进入肝脏循环。在摄入量高时，锌也可能通过被动的跨细胞途径被吸收。门静脉系统将吸收的锌直接带入肝脏循环，然后释放到全身循环中，以供应给各种组织。尽管血清中的锌仅占全身锌的0.1%，但循环中的锌会迅速周转以满足组织的需要。

Zinc is released from food as free ions during its digestion. These freed ions may then combine with endogenously secreted ligands before their transport into the enterocytes in the duodenum and jejunum.. Selected transport proteins may facilitate the passage of zinc across the cell membrane into the hepatic circulation. With high intake, zinc may also be absorbed through a passive paracellular route. The portal system carries absorbed zinc directly into the hepatic circulation, and then it is released into systemic circulation for delivery to various tissues. Although, serum zinc represents only 0.1% of the whole body zinc, the circulating zinc turns over rapidly to meet tissue needs.

来源:DrugBank

代谢

锌可以通过肺部、皮肤和胃肠进入人体。肠道对锌的吸收由锌载体蛋白CRIP控制。锌还与金属硫蛋白结合，帮助防止过量锌的吸收。锌广泛分布并在所有组织和组织液中找到，特别是在肝脏、胃肠道、肾脏、皮肤、肺、大脑、心脏和胰腺中含量较高。在血液中，锌存在于红细胞中的碳酸酐酶结合中，以及血浆中的白蛋白、α2-巨球蛋白和氨基酸结合中。白蛋白和氨基酸结合的锌可以扩散穿过组织膜。锌通过尿液和粪便排出体外。

Zinc can enter the body through the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal absorption of zinc is controlled by zinc carrier protein CRIP. Zinc also binds to metallothioneins, which help prevent absorption of excess zinc. Zinc is widely distributed and found in all tissues and tissues fluids, concentrating in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain, heart, and pancreas. In the bloodstream zinc is found bound to carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, as well as bound to albumin, _2-macroglobulin, and amino acids in the the plasma. Albumin and amino acid bound zinc can diffuse across tissue membranes. Zinc is excreted in the urine and faeces. (L49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

缺铁性贫血是由于锌的过度吸收抑制了铜和铁的吸收，这很可能是通过肠道粘膜细胞的竞争性结合实现的。铜和锌与铜锌超氧化物歧化酶结合的不平衡水平与肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）有关。胃酸能溶解金属锌，生成腐蚀性的氯化锌，这可能会损伤胃粘膜。金属烟雾热被认为是对吸入锌的免疫反应。（L48, L49, A49）

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. (L48, L49, A49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

分类：D；无法归类为人类致癌性。分类依据：基于人类和动物的不充分证据。人类致癌性数据：不充分。动物致癌性数据：不充分。/锌及其化合物/

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on inadequate evidence in humans and animals. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. /Zinc and compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

长期接触锌会导致贫血、运动失调、乏力，并降低体内的好胆固醇水平。还认为它会导致胰腺和生殖损害。

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. (L49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 在妊娠和哺乳期间的影响

◉ 母乳喂养期间的使用总结：锌是人类乳汁中的正常成分。孕妇或哺乳期妇女通常每天摄入15毫克或更少的口服锌，来自产前维生素或其他多种矿物质补充剂，并不会改变乳汁中的锌含量。因此，在哺乳期间，母亲可以服用锌补充剂以达到推荐的每日摄入量12至13毫克。每日口服剂量在15至25毫克之间对乳汁锌含量几乎没有影响。 ◉ 哺乳期使用含锌的喉片和鼻喷剂来预防或治疗成人病毒性上呼吸道感染尚未在哺乳期进行研究。母亲在短时间内多次使用这些治疗方法，通常不会对哺乳婴儿造成伤害。 ◉ 对于完全母乳喂养的婴儿，如果由于母亲锌状态不足、婴儿早产或其他原因导致锌缺乏，应该通过直接给婴儿补充锌来治疗。 ◉ 持霍尔德方法巴氏杀菌并不会改变乳汁中锌的浓度。 ◉ 对哺乳婴儿的影响：完全母乳喂养的婴儿可能会出现锌缺乏。临床特征包括面部和腹股沟皮疹、腹泻、脱发、对喂养不感兴趣和生长迟缓。一个已知的原因是因母亲遗传突变影响乳腺锌传输蛋白而导致的乳汁锌含量低于正常水平。锌缺乏也可能发生在非常早产且未补充特殊人乳强化剂的婴儿身上。对于这两种原因，直接给婴儿服用锌滴剂可以迅速纠正缺乏并缓解婴儿的症状。 ◉ 寻常性皮病是一种由影响婴儿肠道锌传输蛋白的遗传突变引起的先天性锌缺乏症。母乳可以预防这种疾病，该病通常在断奶后发展。如果可能，恢复母乳喂养和直接给婴儿补充锌滴剂是推荐的治疗方法。 ◉ 对泌乳和母乳的影响：截至修订日期，未找到相关的已发布信息。

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Zinc is a normal component in human milk. Typical daily doses of 15 mg or less of oral zinc from prenatal vitamins or other multimineral supplements do not alter milk zinc levels in lactating women. Mothers may therefore take zinc supplementation during lactation to achieve the recommended daily intake of 12 to 13 mg. Daily oral doses between 15 and 25 mg have negligible effects on milk zinc levels. Sublingual zinc lozenges and nasal sprays used to prevent or treat adult viral upper respiratory tract infections have not been studied during lactation. Maternal use of these remedies several times daily for short time periods, as they are typically intended to be used, would not be expected to cause harm to the breastfed infant. Zinc deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants, whether due to inadequate maternal zinc status or to infant premature birth or other causes, should be treated with direct zinc supplementation of the infant. Pasteurization by the Holder method does not change the concentration of zinc in milk. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Zinc deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants can occur. Clinical features include facial and groin rash, diarrhea, hair loss, disinterest in feeding, and failure to thrive. One known cause is below-normal milk zinc levels due to maternal genetic mutations affecting mammary zinc transport proteins. Zinc deficiency may also occur in infants born very preterm who are not supplemented with special human milk fortifiers designed for premature babies. With both causes, direct administration of zinc drops to the infant quickly corrects the deficiency and alleviate the infant’s symptoms. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a congenital zinc deficiency disorder caused by genetic mutations affecting the infant’s intestinal zinc transporter proteins. Breastmilk is protective against this disorder, which typically develops after weaning from breastmilk feeding. Resuming breastmilk feeding, if possible, and direct infant supplementation with zinc drops are the recommended treatments. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

锌是通过载体介导的机制在小肠中被吸收的。在正常的生理条件下，摄取的运输过程不会饱和。由于锌会分泌到肠道中，因此很难确定确切吸收了多少锌。在空腹状态下，通过水溶液给予的锌吸收效率相当高（约60-70%），然而，从固体食物中吸收锌的效率较低，且差异很大，这取决于锌含量和饮食组成。通常，人们认为33%是人类平均的锌吸收率。最近的研究根据不同人群的饮食类型和植酸与锌的摩尔比确定了不同的吸收率。锌的吸收与浓度有关，并随着饮食中锌的增加而线性增加，直至达到最大速率。此外，锌的状态可能会影响锌的吸收。缺锌的人会以更高的效率吸收这种元素，而高锌饮食的人表现出吸收效率降低。

Zinc is absorbed in the small intestine by a carrier-mediated mechanism. Under regular physiologic conditions, transport processes of uptake do not saturate. The exact amount of zinc absorbed is difficult to determine because zinc is secreted into the gut. Zinc administered in aqueous solutions to fasting subjects is absorbed quite efficiently (at a rate of 60-70%), however, absorption from solid diets is less efficient and varies greatly, dependent on zinc content and diet composition. Generally, 33% is considered to be the average zinc absorption in humans. More recent studies have determined different absorption rates for various populations based on their type of diet and phytate to zinc molar ratio. Zinc absorption is concentration-dependent and increases linearly with dietary zinc up to a maximum rate. Additionally zinc status may influence zinc absorption. Zinc-deprived humans absorb this element with increased efficiency, whereas humans on a high-zinc diet show a reduced efficiency of absorption.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

通过胃肠道的锌排泄大约占身体所有排出的锌的一半。大量的锌通过胆汁和肠分泌排出，但大部分被重新吸收。这是调节锌平衡的重要过程。锌的其他排泄途径包括尿液和表面损失（脱落的皮肤、头发、汗液）。锌已被证明可以诱导肠金属硫蛋白，该蛋白在小肠中结合锌和铜，并阻止它们转移到肠粘膜表面。肠细胞在大约6天的周期内脱落，结合在金属硫蛋白上的铜和锌随粪便排出，因此不被吸收。在人类中，对内源性肠道锌的测量主要是作为粪便排泄进行的；这表明排出的量对锌摄入、吸收的锌和生理需求有反应。在一项研究中，大鼠的消除动力学显示，少量的氧化锌纳米颗粒通过尿液排出，然而，大部分纳米颗粒通过粪便排出。

The excretion of zinc through gastrointestinal tract accounts for approximately one-half of all zinc eliminated from the body. Considerable amounts of zinc are secreted through both biliary and intestinal secretions, however most is reabsorbed. This is an important process in the regulation of zinc balance. Other routes of zinc excretion include both urine and surface losses (sloughed skin, hair, sweat). Zinc has been shown to induce intestinal metallothionein, which combines zinc and copper in the intestine and prevents their serosal surface transfer. Intestinal cells are sloughed with approximately a 6-day turnover, and the metallothionein-bound copper and zinc are lost in the stool and are thus not absorbed. Measurements in humans of endogenous intestinal zinc have primarily been made as fecal excretion; this suggests that the amounts excreted are responsive to zinc intake, absorbed zinc and physiologic need. In one study, elimination kinetics in rats showed that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles was excreted via the urine, however, most of the nanoparticles were excreted via the feces.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 分布容积

在大鼠中进行了一项药代动力学研究，以确定两种不同粒径锌颗粒的分布和其他代谢指标。研究发现，锌颗粒在72小时内主要分布到包括肝脏、肺和肾脏在内的器官，且根据粒径或大鼠性别没有发现显著差异。

A pharmacokinetic study was done in rats to determine the distribution and other metabolic indexes of zinc in two particle sizes. It was found that zinc particles were mainly distributed to organs including the liver, lung, and kidney within 72 hours without any significant difference being found according to particle size or rat gender.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 清除

在一项对健康患者的研究中，发现锌的清除率为0.63 ± 0.39微克/分钟。

In one study of healthy patients, the clearance of zinc was found to be 0.63 ± 0.39 μg/min.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

锌盐的溶解性并不相同，这在锌的吸收中很重要。锌盐的溶解性受到胃pH的影响。健康受试者单次口服50毫克元素锌作为醋酸盐...在胃内pH高（pH > 5）或低（pH < 3）的条件下。在低pH条件下，锌醋酸盐的平均血浆锌曲线下面积（AL）...在高pH条件下的（AH）...分别为524和378...ug/hr/dL...

Zinc salts are not equal in solubility, which is important in zinc absorption. The solubility of zinc salts is affected by gastric pH. Healthy subjects were given a single oral dose of 50 mg elemental zinc as the acetate ... under either high (pH > 5) or low (pH < 3) intragastric pH conditions. The mean plasma zinc area under the curve for zinc acetate at low pH (AL) /and/ ... at high pH (AH) ... were 524 /and/ 378 ... ug/hr/dL ...

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  zinc acetate 生成 氧化锌
  参考文献：
  名称：

  LEW, SUSAN;JOTHIMURUGESAN, KANDASWAMI;FLYTZANI-STEPHANOPOULOS, MARIA, IND. AND ENG. CHEM. RES., 28,(1989) N, C. 535-541

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  zinc(II) acetate dihydrate 以 甲醇 为溶剂， 生成 zinc acetate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  PROCESS OF MAKING METAL CHALCOGENIDE PARTICLES

  摘要：

  本发明公开了一种制备金属硫属化合物颗粒的方法。该方法包括以下步骤：在反应条件下，将金属盐溶液与沉淀剂溶液反应形成金属硫属化合物颗粒和副产物；用表面活性剂包覆金属硫属化合物颗粒；将表面活性剂包覆的硫属化合物颗粒与副产物分离，以获得基本无副产物的金属硫属化合物颗粒。

  公开号：

  US20100298123A1
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  zinc acetate 、 、 L-苯丙氨酸 在 zinc acetate 、 ammonium hydroxide 作用下， 以zinc phenylalaninate crystals are obtained (crystal wt: 31.4 g, purity: 98.4%)的产率得到ZINC phenylalaninate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Process for purification and recovery of L-phenylalanine

  摘要：

  从含有苯丙氨酸的微生物发酵液中纯化和回收苯丙氨酸的过程包括在pH值为7-9时提供苯丙氨酸的锌盐，在pH值为4-7时添加酸，并分离沉淀的苯丙氨酸。

  公开号：

  US04960930A1

文献信息

• Oxazolidine and thiazolidine derived carbodithioate compositions useful
  申请人：Pennwalt Corporation

  公开号：US03943143A1

  公开（公告）日：1976-03-09

  Oxazolidine and thiazolidinecarbodithioates, and pyridine adducts thereof, are accelerators for the vulcanization of EPDM elastomers, wherein they exhibit non-blooming characteristics.

  Oxazolidine和thiazolidinecarbodithioates及其吡啶加合物是EPDM弹性体硫化的加速剂，其中它们具有非开花特性。
• Novel mercapto-substitued imidazolylporphyrin metal complex monomer, polymer having the same as a repeating unit and method of preparing the same
  申请人：——

  公开号：US20010027252A1

  公开（公告）日：2001-10-04

  A mercapto-substituted imidazolylporphyrin metal complex monomer represented by a general formula (1): 1 wherein R 1 represents a group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, unsubstituted aryl group, alkyl-substituted aryl group and alkyloxy-substituted aryl group, M represents a metal ion selected from the group consisting of Zn(II), Ga(III), Fe(II), Co(II), and Ru(II), X represents a divalent linking group containing at least one group selected from the group consisting of an arylene group and an alkylene group, R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or an acetyl group, and Im represents Im 1 or Im 2 set forth below: 2 wherein R 3 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.

  一种以一般式（1）表示的含巯基取代的咪唑基卟啉金属配合物单体，其中R1代表从烷基，未取代芳基，烷基取代芳基和烷氧基取代芳基组成的一组中选择的一个基团，M代表从Zn（II），Ga（III），Fe（II），Co（II）和Ru（II）组成的一组中选择的金属离子，X代表包含至少一个从芳撑基和烷基撑基中选择的基团的二价连接基团，R2代表氢原子或乙酰基基团，Im代表如下所述的Im1或Im2，其中R3代表氢原子或烷基基团。
• Solution for removing thermal grease from electronic cards
  申请人：——

  公开号：US20010025016A1

  公开（公告）日：2001-09-27

  A water-free solution and method for dissolving and removing thermal grease from a high frequency logic device (e.g. a microprocessor in the form of a BGA and ASIC in the form of Quad Flat Pack component) assembled onto an electronic card which needs to be reworked. The method and solution of the present invention allow the complete removal of the grease by a simple and fast process, using an alcoholic, inert and cheap solution, without needing a mechanical action (e.g. brushing) and without damaging the card components. Furthermore, given the low surface tension of the alcoholic solution a good diffusion within the small holes and spaces of the card is ensured.

  一种无水溶液和方法，用于溶解和去除高频逻辑设备（例如以BGA形式的微处理器和以Quad Flat Pack组件形式的ASIC）上组装在电子卡上的热油脂，该电子卡需要进行重新加工。本发明的方法和溶液可通过简单快速的过程完全去除油脂，使用一种酒精，惰性和廉价的溶液，无需机械作用（例如刷洗），也不会损坏卡组件。此外，由于酒精溶液的表面张力低，因此可以保证在卡的小孔和空间中良好扩散。
• Pyridine adducts of oxazolidine and thiazolidine-derived carbodithioates
  申请人：Pennwalt Corporation

  公开号：US03976648A1

  公开（公告）日：1976-08-24

  Oxazolidine and thiazolidinecarbodithioates, and pyridine adducts thereof, are accelerators for the vulcanization of EPDM elastomers, wherein they exhibit non-blooming characteristics.

  Oxazolidine和thiazolidinecarbodithioates以及其吡啶加合物是EPDM弹性体硫化的加速剂，其中它们表现出不脱漏的特性。
• Inflammatory bowel disease preventive and curative agent containing zinc
  申请人：Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

  公开号：US05238931A1

  公开（公告）日：1993-08-24

  An agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) containing at least one of zinc L-carnosine salts and complexes as an active ingredient. A use of the zinc L-carnosine salts or complexes and a therapeutic method of IBD by using the same are also disclosed.

  一种用于预防和治疗炎症性肠病（IBD）的药剂，其包含至少一种锌L-肉碱盐和复合物作为活性成分。本发明还公开了锌L-肉碱盐或复合物的用途以及使用它们治疗IBD的治疗方法。

表征谱图