Tandem Cycloaddition Chemistry of Nitroalkenes: Probing the Remarkable Stereochemical Influence of the Lewis Acid
摘要:
The influence of several Lewis acids on the stereochemical course of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkene 1 and chiral, nonracemic propenyl ether 8 has been examined. All of the Lewis acids examined favored ul relative diastereoselection ("exo" approach); TiCl4, TiBr3(Oi-Pr), SnCl4, and ATPh were the most selective. Within the titanium-based Lewis acids, it was found that increasing the halide-to-alkoxide ratio increased the degree of ul (relative) selectivity, as did switching from chloride to bromide. The internal diastereoselectivity was also dependent on the Lewis acid; most titanium isopropoxide-halides (bromide and chloride) and SnCl4 were highly selective for (1,3-lk) approach, with the selectivity increasing with increasing halide content. Two aluminum-based Lewis acids (MAPh and ATPh) were selective for the opposite-sense of internal diastereoselection. The high Ik (relative) diastereoselectivity observed only with TiCl2(Oi-Pr)(2) is proposed to arise either from Coulombic stabilization of an endo approach or precomplexation of the vinyl ether to the Lewis acid. The switch in internal diastereoselectivity seen in the exo manifold is thought to arise from subtle changes in the steric nature of the Lewis acid-nitroalkene complex.
Enantioselective [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of <i>o</i>-Quinone Methides: Total Synthesis of (+)-Mimosifoliol and Formal Synthesis of (+)-Tolterodine
作者:Carolyn Selenski、Thomas R. R. Pettus
DOI:10.1021/jo048703c
日期:2004.12.1
The first example of an enantioselectivecycloaddition of an o-quinone methide (o-QM) with a chiral enol ether is described along with the total synthesis of (+)-mimosifoliol and the formal synthesis of (+)-tolterodine. These syntheses exemplify a three-component, one-pot benzopyran approach for the construction of chiral benzylic junctions. Cycloadditions of various enol ethers and o-QMs are examined
Divergent stereoselective synthesis of (E) and (Z) O-Alkyl enol ethers
作者:Lluís Solá、Jaume Castro、Albert Moyano、Miquel A. Pericás、Antoni Riera
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78881-2
日期:1992.5
While the reduction of alkynyl ethers with lithium aluminum hydride (or with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride) gives almost exclusively O-alkyl enol ethers with (E) configuration, the reaction with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride pretreated with one equivalent of a free alcohol leads stereoselectively to enol ethers with (Z) configuration.
Tandem inter [4+2]/intra [3+2]nitroalkene cycloadditions. 5. Origin of the Lewis acid dependent reversal of stereoselectivity
作者:Scott E. Denmark、Mark E. Schnute、C. B. W. Senanayake
DOI:10.1021/jo00059a044
日期:1993.3
The stereochemical course of the tandem [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] nitroalkene cycloaddition with chiral enol ethers has been shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity to the nature of the Lewis acid promoter. Cycloadditions using (+)-camphor-derived vinyl ether 3 or (-)-trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol-derived vinyl ether 6 gave a predominance of the 1S hydroxy lactam 4 when promoted by Ti(O-i-Pr)2Cl2. The same vinyl ethers selectively produced the 1R hydroxy lactam 4 when promoted by MAPh. The (E)- and (Z)-1-propenyl ethers of (-)-trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol have been used to investigate the reversal of selectivity. Cycloadditions promoted by Ti(O-i-Pr)2Cl2 were found to be endo selective (12:1), while MAD and MAPh favored exo approach of the dienophile. High levels of asymmetric induction were observed in the endo mode of the cycloaddition for propenyl ethers (E)-13 and (Z)-13, 97.9% ee and 82.2% ee, respectively, but an erosion of selectivity occurred in the exo mode (72.2% ee) presumably through an s-cis enol ether conformation.
Tandem Cycloaddition Chemistry of Nitroalkenes: Probing the Remarkable Stereochemical Influence of the Lewis Acid
作者:Scott E. Denmark、Mark Seierstad
DOI:10.1021/jo9820869
日期:1999.3.1
The influence of several Lewis acids on the stereochemical course of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkene 1 and chiral, nonracemic propenyl ether 8 has been examined. All of the Lewis acids examined favored ul relative diastereoselection ("exo" approach); TiCl4, TiBr3(Oi-Pr), SnCl4, and ATPh were the most selective. Within the titanium-based Lewis acids, it was found that increasing the halide-to-alkoxide ratio increased the degree of ul (relative) selectivity, as did switching from chloride to bromide. The internal diastereoselectivity was also dependent on the Lewis acid; most titanium isopropoxide-halides (bromide and chloride) and SnCl4 were highly selective for (1,3-lk) approach, with the selectivity increasing with increasing halide content. Two aluminum-based Lewis acids (MAPh and ATPh) were selective for the opposite-sense of internal diastereoselection. The high Ik (relative) diastereoselectivity observed only with TiCl2(Oi-Pr)(2) is proposed to arise either from Coulombic stabilization of an endo approach or precomplexation of the vinyl ether to the Lewis acid. The switch in internal diastereoselectivity seen in the exo manifold is thought to arise from subtle changes in the steric nature of the Lewis acid-nitroalkene complex.