Mild and Selective Hydrozirconation of Amides to Aldehydes Using Cp<sub>2</sub>Zr(H)Cl: Scope and Mechanistic Insight
作者:Jared T. Spletstoser、Jonathan M. White、Ashok Rao Tunoori、Gunda I. Georg
DOI:10.1021/ja066362+
日期:2007.3.1
An investigation of the use of Cp2Zr(H)Cl (Schwartz's reagent) to reduce a variety of amides to the corresponding aldehydes under very mild reaction conditions and in high yields is reported. A range of tertiary amides, including Weinreb's amides, can be converted directly to the corresponding aldehydes with remarkable chemoselectivity. Primary and secondary amides proved to be viable substrates for reduction as well, although the yields were somewhat diminished as compared to the corresponding tertiary amides. Results from NMR experiments suggested the presence of a stable, 18-electron zirconacycle intermediate that presumably affords the aldehyde upon water or silica gel workup. A series of competition experiments revealed a preference of the reagent for substrates in which the lone pair of the nitrogen is electron releasing and thus more delocalized across the amide bond by resonance. This trend accounts for the observed excellent selectivity for tertiary amides versus esters. Experiments regarding the solvent dependence of the reaction suggested a kinetic profile similar to that postulated for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes. Addition of p-anisidine to the reaction intermediate resulted in the formation of the corresponding imine mimicking the addition of water that forms the aldehyde.
A Novel and Expeditious Reduction of Tertiary Amides to Aldehydes Using Cp<sub>2</sub>Zr(H)Cl
作者:Jonathan M. White、Ashok Rao Tunoori、Gunda I. Georg
DOI:10.1021/ja002149g
日期:2000.12.1
Functional group manipulations continue to play an important role in organic synthesis, and hence the development of new methods to carry out these transformations remains an important part of organic chemistry. The reduction of amides to aldehydes is one such transformation, and although several methods are available,(1) many are substrate specific,(2) the outcome of the reaction being dependent upon the nature of the nitrogen substituent. Problems with existing techniques, which generally require the use of highly reactive reagents such as aluminum and boron hydrides, include low functional group tolerance, over-reduction to amines or alcohols, or the formation of other byproducts. Herein, we report a general procedure for the conversion of tertiary amides to:aldehydes, which employs a commercially available reagent, Cp2Zr(H)Cl (Schwartz reagent(3)) and operates under mild conditions at room temperature (Scheme 1).
Formation of domain structure of erythrocyte membrane in Wistar rat fed with CeCl3 per os
作者:Yi Cheng、Maozi Liu、You Li、Rongchang Li、Chunli Bai、Kui Wang
DOI:10.1007/bf02884943
日期:2000.3
To explore the possibility of absorption of lanthanides via digestive duct and their effects on the membrane structure and permeability of erythrocytes, the fine structure of erythrocyte membrane from Wistar rats, fed for 70 days of daily administration per os with 20 mg CeCl3/kg weight, was imaged by means of atomic force microscopy and FT-IR deconvolution spectra. The results show that, although the erythrocytes maintain the intact shape, the change of secondary structure, aggregation and crosslinking of the protein particles of membrane surface and the enlarged lipid regions lead to the domain structure formation. This structure might be responsible for the increasing permeability of erythrocyte membrane.
Canonica et al., Annali di Chimica, 1955, vol. 45, p. 205,213
作者:Canonica et al.
DOI:——
日期:——
Rearrangement of O-Acylsalicylamides via Intramolecular O-to-N Transacylation: Rate Enhancement by an Adjacent Carboxylic Acid Group
作者:F.A. Tawfig、L. Dittert、P.A. Crooks、A. Hussain
DOI:10.1002/jps.2600790724
日期:1990.7
Involvement of the free carboxylicacid group in the rateenhancement of O-to-N transacylation reactions of dicarboxylic acid hemiesters of salicylamide.