Ionic Liquid: An Efficient and Facile Catalyst for the Synthesis of Trisubstituted Imidazole Derivatives via Multi-Component Pathway Using Green Techniques
作者:Gopinath D. Shirole、Sharad N. Shelke
DOI:10.2174/1570178614666161114165113
日期:2017.1.3
Background: A green path for the synthesis of 3-aryl-1-phenyl-4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1Hpyrazole
derivatives using [BMIM][BF4] as a catalyst and green methods such as ultrasound and microwave irradiation
is discussed in this paper. The titled compounds were obtained by the multi-component condensation of various
3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehydes, benzil and ammonium acetate. One pot synthesis, simple reaction
conditions and quantitative yields illustrate the utility of this green approach.
Methods: Conventional Reflux Condition: A mixture of 3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde 1 (1 mmol),
benzil 2 (1 mmol), ammonium acetate 3 (2 mmol) and catalytic amount of [BMIM][BF4] (15 mmol %) was placed in
a round bottom flask containing 10 mL of ethanol. The reaction mixture was refluxed for completion. The course of
the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was poured
over crushed ice. Solid imidazole thus obtained was separated by filtration, dried well, and recrystallized by ethanol.
Ultrasound Irradiation Method: A mixture of 3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde 1 (1 mmol), benzil 2 (1
mmol), ammonium acetate 3 (2 mmol) and catalytic amount of [BMIM][BF4] (15 mmol %) was placed in a round
bottom flask containing 10 mL of ethanol. The round bottom flask was placed in an US bath at 50ºC for 80-90 min.
The course of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography. After completion of the reaction, the mixture
was poured into crushed ice, solid imidazoles thus obtained were separated by filtration, dried well, and recrystallized
by ethanol. Microwave Irradiation Method: A 10 mL round bottom flask was charged with 3-aryl-1-phenyl-
1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde 1 (1 mmol), benzil 2 (1 mmol), ammonium acetate 3 (2 mmol) and catalytic amount
of [BMIM] [BF4] (15 mmol %), and placed under MW irradiation at 240 watts for 7-9 min. The course of the reaction
was monitored by thin layer chromatography. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was poured over
crushed ice, the solid imidazole thus obtained was separated by filtration, dried well, and recrystallized by ethanol.
Results: The 3-aryl-1-phenyl-4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole derivatives 4a-i (Scheme 1, Table 2)
were synthesized by using [BMIM] [BF4] as a catalyst with good yields under reflux in ethanol (68-70%), US
irradiation in ethanol (76-80%) and MW irradiation (80-86%) without solvent. All these methods provided good
results with IL [BMIM][BF4]. However, the MW and US irradiation methods give good yield in a short period of
time with 3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde 1 containing a variety of substituents, whereas the
conventional reflux condition gives lower yields and takes longer time as compared with MW and US irradiation.
The structures of the synthesized compounds have been confirmed on the basis of spectroscopic techniques such as
FTIR, HRMS, LCMS, 1H and 13C NMR.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we have synthesized differently substituted imidazoles using [BMIM][BF4] as a catalyst
under MW and US irradiation via MC condensation strategy. Under the conventional reflux conditions, we get a
lower yield in a longer time, while US and MW assisted synthesis gave better results. Comparatively IL
[BMIM][BF4] with US and MW irradiation protocol provides several advantages such as improved reaction speed,
shorter reaction times, superior yields and a significant contribution towards sustainability.
背景:本文讨论了使用[BMIM][BF4]作为催化剂,以及超声波和微波辐射等绿色方法合成3-芳基-1-苯基-4-(4,5-二苯基-1H-咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑衍生物的绿色途径。所述化合物通过各种3-芳基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-醛、苯基和醋酸铵的多组分缩合获得。一锅合成、简单的反应条件和定量产率展示了这种绿色方法的实用性。
方法:常规回流条件:将3-芳基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-醛1(1 mmol)、苯基2(1 mmol)、醋酸铵3(2 mmol)和催化量的[BMIM][BF4](15 mmol%)混合,放入含10 mL乙醇的圆底烧瓶中。反应混合物回流至反应完成。通过薄层色谱监测反应进程。反应完成后,将混合物倒入碎冰中。通过过滤分离得到的固体咪唑,充分干燥,并用乙醇重结晶。
超声辐射法:将3-芳基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-醛1(1 mmol)、苯基2(1 mmol)、醋酸铵3(2 mmol)和催化量的[BMIM][BF4](15 mmol%)混合,放入含10 mL乙醇的圆底烧瓶中。圆底烧瓶放入50ºC的超声波浴中80-90分钟。通过薄层色谱监测反应进程。反应完成后,将混合物倒入碎冰中,分离得到的固体咪唑,通过过滤、充分干燥并用乙醇重结晶。
微波辐射法:将3-芳基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-醛1(1 mmol)、苯基2(1 mmol)、醋酸铵3(2 mmol)和催化量的[BMIM] [BF4](15 mmol%)放入10 mL的圆底烧瓶中,在240瓦的微波辐射下加热7-9分钟。通过薄层色谱监测反应进程。反应完成后,将混合物倒入碎冰中,分离得到的固体咪唑,通过过滤、充分干燥并用乙醇重结晶。
结果:使用[BMIM][BF4]作为催化剂,在乙醇回流(68-70%)、乙醇的超声波照射(76-80%)和微波照射(80-86%)下以良好的产率合成了3-芳基-1-苯基-4-(4,5-二苯基-1H-咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑衍生物4a-i(方案1,表2)。所有这些方法在使用IL [BMIM][BF4]时都取得了良好的结果。然而,微波和超声波辐射法在短时间内给予了良好的产率,同样的反应所用的3-芳基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-醛1含有多种取代基,而传统回流条件给出的产率较低且时间较长。合成化合物的结构通过FTIR、HRMS、LCMS、1H和13C NMR等光谱技术得到确认。
结论:总之,我们采用[BMIM][BF4]作为催化剂,通过微波和超声辐射合成了不同取代基的咪唑,采用MC缩合策略。在常规回流条件下,我们获得较低的产率所需的时间较长,而超声和微波辅助合成则取得了更好的结果。比较而言,使用[BMIM][BF4]与超声和微波辐射方案提供了多种优势,如提高反应速度、缩短反应时间、优越的产率以及对可持续性的显著贡献。