识别：伏马毒素B1是伏马毒素中最普遍的一种，由真菌 Fusarium moniliforme 和其他 F. 属真菌产生。纯净物质是一种白色吸湿性粉末，可溶于水、乙腈-水和甲醇。该物质在食品加工温度和光照下稳定。伏马毒素B1是与玉米相关的最常见的真菌代谢物。当天气条件有利于玉米粒腐烂时，玉米中会显著积累。人类暴露：没有与这种化合物相关的急性毒性的确认记录。现有的相关性研究建议饮食暴露与食管癌之间存在关联。其他关于伏马毒素B1潜在致癌性的研究结论尚不明确。动物/植物研究：在所有测试的动物物种中，伏马毒素B1对小鼠、大鼠、马科动物、猪、兔子和非人灵长类动物都具有肝脏毒性。除了叙利亚仓鼠，只有在母体毒性同时或之后才会观察到胚胎毒性或致畸性。伏马毒素在大鼠、羊、小鼠和兔子中对肾脏有毒。在大鼠和兔子中，肾脏毒性发生在比肝脏毒性更低的剂量下。伏马毒素已知会导致马脑白质软化和猪肺水肿综合征。在某一品系的大鼠中，伏马毒素B1对雄性大鼠具有肝脏致癌性，在另一品系中具有肾脏致癌性。伏马毒素B1是 de novo 神经鞘脂代谢的特异性抑制剂。这种化合物抑制细胞生长，并在动物、植物和一些酵母（如酿酒酵母）中导致自由神经酰胺碱基的积累和脂质代谢的改变。它没有在大肠杆菌中诱导基因突变，也没有在原代大鼠肝细胞中诱导非计划性DNA合成，但在低浓度下诱导了剂量依赖性的染色体畸变增加。这种化合物对植物有毒，损害细胞膜并减少叶绿素合成。根据使用猪、产蛋鸡和长尾猴的研究，当口服给药时，这种化合物吸收不良，并且它迅速从血浆或循环中消除并在粪便中回收；胆汁排泄很重要；在一些动物中，肠肝循环很重要。少量在尿液中排出，有些残留在肝脏和肾脏中。
IDENTIFICATION: Fumonisin B1 is the most prevalent of the fumonisins and produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme and other F. species. The pure substance is a white hygroscopic powder and is soluble in water, acetonitrile-water and methanol. The material is stable at food processing temperatures and light. Fumonisin B1 is the most common fungal metabolite associated with maize. Significant accumulation in maize occurs when weather conditions favor kernel rot. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no confirmed records of acute toxicity associated with this compound. Available correlation studies suggest a link between dietary exposure and esophageal cancer. Other studies are inconclusive as to the potential carcinogenicity of Fumonisin B1. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Fumonisin B1 is hepatotoxic in all animal species tested including mice, rats, equids, pigs, rabbits and non-human primates. With the exception of Syrian hamsters, embryotoxicity or teratogenicity is only observed concurrent with or subsequent to maternal toxicity. Fumonisins are nephrotoxic in pigs, rats, sheep, mice and rabbits. In rats and rabbits, renal toxicity occurs at lower doses than hepatotoxicity. The fumonisins are known to cause equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema syndrome. It is hepatocarcinogenic to male rats in one strain and nephrocarcinogenic in another strain. Fumonisin B1 is a specific inhibitor of de novo sphingolipid metabolism. This compound inhibits cell growth and causes accumulation of free sphingoid bases and alteration of lipid metabolism in animals, plants and in some yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisae. It did not induce gene mutations in bacteria or unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes, but induced a dose dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations at low concentrations. This compound is phytotoxic, damages cell membranes and reduces chlorophyll synthesis. This compound is poorly absorbed when dosed orally based on studies using pigs, laying hens and Vervet monkeys and it is rapidly eliminated from the plasma or circulation and recovered in the feces; biliary excretion is important; enterohepatic cycling is important in some animals. Small amounts are excreted in the urine, and some is retained in the liver and kidney.[
Fumonisins are similar in structure to the long-chain base backbones of sphingolipids, allowing it to inhibit of the biosynthesis of sphingosine and more complex sphingolipids by inhibiting the enzyme ceramide synthase. This causes the accumulation of sphinganine, sphingosine, and possibly also sphingosine 1-phosphate in cells and tissues, leading to apoptosis. Mycotoxins are often able to enter the liver and kidney by human organic anion transporters (hOATs) and human organic cation transporters (hOCTs). They can also inhibit uptake of anions and cations by these transporters, interefering with the secretion of endogenous metabolites, drugs, and xenobiotics including themselves. This results in increased cellular accumulation of toxic compounds causing nephro- and hepatotoxicity. (A704, L1937, A2947, A3014)
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cultures of Fusarium moniliforme that contain significant amounts of fumonisins. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of fumonisin B1. Overall evaluation: Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme/
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), the major compound in the fumonisin group of secondary metabolites of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, is associated with some human and animal diseases. After intraperitoneal dosing to rats (7.5 mg/kg), FB1 was rapidly absorbed and reached a maximum concentration in plasma within 20 min after injection. Thereafter, it underwent rapid removal from plasma, displaying a mono-exponential elimination phase that fitted a one-compartment model with a half-life of 18 min. Collection of 24- and 48-hr urine samples indicated that only 16% of the applied dose was eliminated unmetabolized in urine, all within the first 24-hr period following dosing. In contrast to this, a similar dose of FB1 given by gavage resulted in the recovery of only 0.4% of the FB1 in urine.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolite of the fungus Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, was administered either by i.v. injection or by gavage to vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). FB1 dosed by i.v. injection to two female vervet monkeys was rapidly eliminated from plasma with a mean half-life during the elimination phase of 40 min. Analysis of urine and faeces over a 5 day period after dosing gave an average 47% recovery of the dose as FB1 and its hydrolysed analogues. Two female vervet monkeys were given a single gavage dose of 14C-labelled FB1. During the subsequent 3 day period, faecal excretion of radioactivity accounted for an average of 61% of the administered dose and urinary excretion 1.2%. Residual radioactivity was recovered in low levels from skeletal muscle (1%), liver (0.4%), brain (0.2%), kidney, heart, plasma, red blood cells and bile (each 0.1%), while the contents of the intestines accounted for a further 12% of the radioactive dose. In total, 76% of the administered radioactivity was recovered. Analysis of the faeces, intestinal contents and urine indicated that over 90% of the radioactivity in these samples was due to FB1 and its hydrolysis products.
A method has been developed for the determination of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the feces of non-human primates (vervet monkeys). The animals were dosed with 14C-labelled FB1, and the radioactive compounds in faeces were recovered by repeated extractions with 0.1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The extracts were cleaned-up on a reversed-phase (C18) solid-phase extraction cartridge, and FB1 was determined by o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization and reversed-phase HPLC. The analytical method for the determination of FB1 in the fecal extracts was reproducible [2.6% relative standard deviation (RSD)] and accurate (recovery from spiked blank extracts of 93 +/- 2.9% RSD). Confirmation of the identification of FB1 in faeces was achieved using HPLC and thin-layer chromatography, which showed that the radioactivity extracted corresponded mainly to FB1 and a new metabolite with chromatographic properties similar to those of the mycotoxin. The new metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be an equilibrium mixture of the two structural isomers of partially hydrolysed FB1, which are formed by hydrolysis of one of the ester groups of the mycotoxin.
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) causes a variety of health problems in animals, while epidemiological evidence suggests it is linked to human esophageal cancer. We investigated the carry-over of FB1 into bovine milk using the isolated perfused bovine udder. Two mg of FB1 was injected into the perfusion blood of 3 udders, and milk and perfused serum levels were determined for 150 min. FB1 passed through the mammary barrier into the milk, but in such low concentrations as to present a negligible risk for consumers.
Use of liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for isolation and characterization of hydrolyzed fumonisins and relevant analysis in maize-based products
作者：Annalisa De Girolamo、Veronica M. T. Lattanzio、Roberto Schena、Angelo Visconti、Michelangelo Pascale
DOI：10.1002/jms.3342
日期：2014.4
and FB2), from 10 to 210 microg/kg for partially hydrolyzed fumonisins (sum of PHFB1 and PHFB2) and from 30 to 200 microg/kg for hydrolyzed fumonisins (sum of HFB1 and HFB2). This is the first report of the isolation of PHFB2 and the co-occurrence of FB1, FB2, PHFB1, PHFB2, HFB1 and HFB2 in maize products. Considering the growing use of nixtamalized and maize-based products, the monitoring of fumonisins
Determination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 and identification of its partially hydrolysed metabolites in the faeces of non-human primates
作者：G.S. Shephard、P.G. Thiel、E.W. Sydenham、R. Vleggaar、J.F. Alberts
DOI：10.1016/0278-6915(84)90032-2
日期：1994.1
A method has been developed for the determination of fumonisinB1 (FB1) in the faeces of non-humanprimates (vervet monkeys). The animals were dosed with 14C-labelled FB1, and the radioactive compounds in faeces were recovered by repeated extractions with 0.1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The extracts were cleaned-up on a reversed-phase (C18) solid-phase extraction cartridge, and FB1 was determined
ACIDOPHILIC FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM STRAIN, METHODS OF ITS GROWTH AND METHODS OF ITS USE
申请人：The Fynder Group, Inc.
公开号：EP3712248A1
公开（公告）日：2020-09-23
The present invention provides isolated acidophilic Fusarium oxysporum strain MK7, or a progeny thereof, compositions comprising this strain or a progeny thereof, methods of growing the strain or a progeny thereof, and methods of using the strain or a progeny thereof.
Acidophilic fusarium oxysporum strains, methods of their production and methods of their use
申请人：Sustainable Bioproducts, Inc.
公开号：US10344306B2
公开（公告）日：2019-07-09
The present invention provides isolated acidophilic Fusarium oxysporum strains, such as MK7, and their progeny, compositions comprising such strains and their progeny, methods of producing such strains and their progeny, and methods of using such strains and their progeny.
Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
申请人：SUSTAINABLE BIOPRODUCTS, INC.
公开号：US10577579B2
公开（公告）日：2020-03-03
A novel method of growing fungi is disclosed which uses an engineered artificial media and produces high density filamentous fungi biomats that can be harvested with a minimum of processing and from which fungal products such as antibiotics, proteins, and lipids can be isolated, the method resulting in lowered fungus cultivation costs for energy usage, oxygenation, water usage and waste stream production.
