Ammonium perchlorate appears as a white, crystalline solid or powder. Classified as a division 1.1 explosive if powdered into particles smaller than 15 microns in diameter or if powdered into larger particles but thoroughly dried. Does not readily burn, but will burn if contaminated by combustible material. May explode under prolonged exposure to heat or fire. Used to make rocket propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics, as an etching and engraving agent, and in analytical chemistry.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonium perchlorate is a colorless, crystalline compound. The most common uses for ammonium perchlorate are in explosives and rocket propellants, which have been widely used in military munitions items, such as mortars, grenades and flares and solid fuel rocket. It is also used in analytical chemistry, and as etching and engraving agent. It has been tested as an experimental medication in (131)I exposure. HUMAN STUDIES: No perchlorate-attributable effects on thyroid, bone marrow, kidney, or liver function were detected in employees at an ammonium perchlorate production facility in Nevada. The study of workers in China also found no effect on thyroid function from long term, low-level documented exposure to ammonium perchlorate. However, epidemiological study of population drinking ammonium perchlorate contaminated water demonstrated statistically significant association between perchlorate exposure and newborn thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. ANIMAL STUDIES: In rats, exposure to ammonium perchlorate in drinking water resulted in statistically significant changes in thyroid stimulating hormone and other thyroid hormones. In developmental experiments in rats, changes in maternal and neonatal thyroid histopathology were detectable at 1.0 mg/kg-day exposure. Behavioral testing in rats suggested that prenatal exposure to ammonium perchlorate does not affect the development of gross motor movements in the pups. Exposure of embryonic and larval Xenopus laevis to high concentrations of ammonium perchlorate salt produced a feminizing effect, resulting in a skewed sex ratio. Ammonium perchlorate (100-10,000 ug/plate) was neither toxic nor mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104, TA1535, or TA1537 with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Ammonium perchlorate exposure caused hypothyroidism in young Japanese quail and affected the expression of thyroid-responsive genes during early posthatch development. Furthermore, in Japanese quail maternal perchlorate exposure led to embryonic hypothyroidism and may have interfered with embryonic development. In X. laevis, ammonium perchlorate inhibited metamorphosis in a concentration-dependent manner as evident from effects on forelimb emergence, tail resorption, and hindlimb growth. It was also inhibiting thyroid activity and altered gonadal differentiation in developing X. laevis.
The primary and most sensitive target of the perchlorate anion (perchlorate) is the thyroid gland. Perchlorate inhibits the transport of iodide (I-) from the blood into the thyroid follicle cells. The inhibition is thought to be accomplished by perchlorate competitively blocking iodide binding to a carrier, or sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which catalyzes the simultaneous transfer of Na+ and I-across the basolateral membrane of thyroid follicle cells. Perchlorate inhibition of the NIS can limit the availability of iodide needed for the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which in turn, may affect the circulating levels of T4 and T3. All known effects of perchlorate on the thyroid hormone system derive directly or secondarily from the inhibition of the NIS. T3 is essential for normal development of the nervous system and for the regulation of metabolism of cells in nearly all tissues of the body. Disruption in the availability of T3 in target tissues can result in adverse effects on a wide variety of organs and systems (L894).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Adverse effects on a wide variety of organ systems can result from disruption in the availability of T3 to target tissues. Organ systems affected by disturbances in T3 levels include the skin, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood, neuromuscular system, central nervous system, skeleton, male and female reproductive systems, and numerous endocrine organs, including the pituitary and adrenal glands. Such an array of secondary potential targets underscores the need to maintain an adequate level of circulating thyroid hormones. Perchlorate, an environmental contaminant, is known to disturb the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis by blocking iodide accumulation in the thyroid. Iodide deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism and goiter (L894, A267).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其气溶胶和通过摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
Bircumshaw, L. L.; Newman, B. H., Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1955, vol. 227, p. 115 - 132
asymmetric. The transinfluence of PPh3 elongates the Ni–S bonds. The decrease in the S–Ni–S bite angle in 2 [78.80(16)°] and in 3 [78.36(2)°] compared to that observed in 1 [79.42(3)°] is due to the steric crowding of PPh3 around the central metal atom. A comparison of the bond parameters of compounds 1–3 shows a change in the arrangement from a planarNiS4chromophore to distorted planarNiS2P2 chromophores
A cyclic manipulation of peanut cage isomers has been achieved via anion exchange and unusual cage isomerism.
通过阴离子交换和异常的笼形异构性已经实现了花生笼形异构体的循环操作。
“One-Step” Synthesis of Ionic Ferrocenyl Compounds of Ferrocenylmethyldimethylamine. Characterization, Migration, and Catalytic Properties During Combustion
volatility during prolonged storage and fabrication process of the solid propellants. To retard the migration problems, eight ionic compounds composed of ferrocenylmethyldimethylammonium cation paired with a common energetic anion, were synthesized by “one-step” procedure. The compounds were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as elementary analysis. Their crystal structures were confirmed
烷基二茂铁基燃烧速率催化剂在固体推进剂的长期储存和制造过程中表现出高迁移趋势和挥发性。为了阻止迁移问题,通过“一步”程序合成了由二茂铁基甲基二甲基铵阳离子与普通高能阴离子配对组成的八种离子化合物。通过FT-IR、NMR、UV/Vis光谱以及元素分析对化合物进行表征。它们的晶体结构由单晶 X 射线衍射证实。TG 和 DSC 分析表明它们表现出高的热稳定性。循环伏安法研究表明,它们中的大多数表现出可逆或准可逆的氧化还原波。抗迁移结果表明 1-4 是低迁移化合物,但 5 表现出高迁移趋势。70 °C 下 24 h 的 TG 曲线表明它们都具有低挥发性。根据化合物的阴离子,它们具有从高到低的冲击敏感性。它们都对高氯酸铵 (AP) 的热分解有显着影响,其中一些加速了 1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三氮杂环己烷 (RDX) 的热降解。其中4个是最好的。出乎意料的是,以 1H-四唑盐为阴离子的化合物 5
Facile fabrication of porous La doped ZnO granular nanocrystallites and their catalytic evaluation towards thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
structure. The SEM images of the materials showed granular morphology where gradual increase in particle size and crystallite size was observed to be increased with increase in doped La concentration. The BET surface area of the materials was 28.203 to 15.830 m2/g and exhibited mesoporous nature. In catalytic studies for thermal decomposition of AP, the pure ZnO catalyst offered single stage decomposition
N-(arylmethylene)-benzimidazole/imidazole-borane compounds (7-10) based on ferrocene/benzene were synthesized in a cost-effective way by reacting N-(arylmethylene)-benzimidazole/imidazoles with ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The structures of compounds 7-9 were determined by X-ray crystallography. Four compounds displayed high thermal decomposition temperatures (182-256°C)
通过使N-(芳基亚甲基)-苯并咪唑/咪唑与硫酸铵((NH 4)2)反应以具有成本效益的方式合成基于二茂铁/苯的N-(芳亚甲基)-苯并咪唑/咪唑-硼烷化合物(7-10) SO 4)和硼氢化钠(NaBH 4)。化合物7-9的结构通过X射线晶体学测定。根据热重(TG)测量,四种化合物显示出高的热分解温度(182-256°C)。有趣的是,这些化合物由于在接触浓HNO 3时自燃,因此显示出潜在的推进剂应用潜力。 (≥95%)和对高氯酸铵(AP)热降解的催化作用。