作者:Quanqing Gao、Jacky Hanh、Linda Váradi、Rose Cairns、Helena Sjöström、Vivian W.Y. Liao、Peta Wood、Seher Balaban、Jennifer Ai Ong、Hsuan-Yu Jennifer Lin、Felcia Lai、Andrew J. Hoy、Thomas Grewal、Paul W. Groundwater、David E. Hibbs
DOI:10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.013
日期:2015.12
The three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms; PPAR alpha, PPAR gamma and PPAR delta, play central roles in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. Dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonists, which stimulate both PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma isoforms to similar extents, are gaining popularity as it is believed that they are able to ameliorate the unwanted side effects of selective PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists; and may also be used to treat dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus simultaneously. In this study, virtual screening of natural product libraries, using both structure-based and ligand-based drug discovery approaches, identified ten potential dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonist lead compounds (9-13 and 16-20). In vitro assays confirmed these compounds to show no statistically significant toxicity to cells, with the exception of compound 12 which inhibited cell growth to 74.5% +/- 3.5 and 54.1% +/- 3.7 at 50 mu M and 100 mu M, respectively. In support of their potential as dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonists, all ten compounds upregulated the expression of cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 in THP-1 macrophages, with indoline derivative 16 producing the greatest elevation (2.3-fold; 3.3-fold, respectively). Furthermore, comparable to the activity of established PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists, compound 16 stimulated triacylglycerol accumulation during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation as well as fatty acid beta-oxidation in HuH7 hepatocytes. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.