1,1'-azodi-(hexahydrobenzonitrile) appears as a white to light colored solid substance. Insoluble in water and more dense that water. May cause irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion. If exposed to high temperatures or flames this material may ignite and burn with an intense flame. Dust may form an explosive mixture in air.
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
Synthesis of Amidine Derivatives by Intermolecular Radical Addition to Nitrile Groups of AIBN Derivatives
作者:Hongli Bao、Min Su、Nengbo Zhu、Mong-Feng Chiou
DOI:10.1055/a-1344-6175
日期:2021.3
A synthesis of amidine derivatives through intermolecular addition of nitrogen-centered radicals to nitriles is reported. Experimental studies and density functional theory calculations were conducted to probe the mechanism of this reaction. The results suggest that the alkyl nitriles are activated by attracting chlorine atoms and are subsequently attacked by nitrogen-centered radicals, resulting in
Without using any additives, a practical and eco-friendly methodology has been realized for the tandem double cyclization of 1,6-dienes with easily accessible azobis(alkylcarbonitriles) on water.
Metal-Free-Catalyzed Synthesis of Allyl Nitriles via C<sub>sp<sup>2</sup></sub>–C<sub>sp<sup>3</sup></sub> Coupling between Olefins and Azobis (Alkyl-carbonitrile)
The metal-free-catalyzed synthesis of allyl nitriles from Csp2-Csp3 coupling between olefins and azobis was carried out. Key on this work was that the synthesis of allyl nitriles directly using olefin as a starting material was considered to be more efficient and economical than the alkyne, alkynyl carboxylic acid, or cinnamic acid used in previous works. Moreover, in this reaction, iodine served as
Radical perfluoroalkylation – easy access to 2-perfluoroalkylindol-3-imines via electron catalysis
作者:Dirk Leifert、Denis G. Artiukhin、Johannes Neugebauer、Anzhela Galstyan、Cristian Alejandro Strassert、Armido Studer
DOI:10.1039/c6cc02284g
日期:——
Arylisonitriles (2 equivalents) react with alkyl and perfluoroalkyl radicals to 2-alkylated indole-3-imines via two sequential additions to the isonitrile moiety followed by homolyticaromaticsubstitution. The three component reaction comprises...
α-Halo carbonyls enable meta selective primary, secondary and tertiary C–H alkylations by ruthenium catalysis
作者:Andrew J. Paterson、Callum J. Heron、Claire L. McMullin、Mary F. Mahon、Neil J. Press、Christopher G. Frost
DOI:10.1039/c7ob01192j
日期:——
selective C–H alkylation of arenes is described using a wide range of α-halo carbonyls as coupling partners. Previously unreported primary alkylations with high meta selectivity have been enabled by this methodology whereas using straight chain alkyl halides affords ortho substituted products. Mechanistic analysis reveals an activation pathway whereby cyclometalation with a ruthenium(II) complex activates