Kinetics of reversible thiolate ion addition to substituted .beta.-nitrostyrenes in water. Radicaloid transition state or principle of nonperfect synchronization?
作者:Claude F. Bernasconi、David F. Schuck
DOI:10.1021/jo00034a032
日期:1992.4
The kinetics of reversible nucleophilic thiolate ion (RS- with R = n-Bu, HOCH2CH2, MeO2CCH2CH2 and MeO2CCH2) addition to Z-substituted beta-nitrostyrenes (Z = 4-Me2N, 4-MeO, 4-MeS, 4-Me, H, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 3-CN, 4-CN, and 3-NO2), to form ArCH(RS)CH = NO2-, have been measured in water at 20-degrees-C. Rate constants in the forward (k1) and reverse direction (k-1) and equilibrium constants (K1) correlate reasonably well with Hammett sigma-constants for the non-pi-donor substituents but show deviations for the pi-donors 4-Me2N, 4-MeO, and 4-MeS. These deviations are negative for K1 but positive for k1 and k-1; the positive deviations for the pi-donor substituents are also observed when plotting log k1 vs log K1 (Bronsted plots). The negative deviations of K1 are a consequence of resonance stabilization of the olefin. The positive deviations are attributed to a transition-state stabilization stemming from a preorganization created by the pi-donor which leads to a better delocalization of the negative charge into the nitro group. An alternative interpretation of the rate acceleration in terms of a radicaloid transition state (Gross, Z.; Hoz, S.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7489) cannot be ruled out but is shown to be less attractive and unnecessary. Bronsted parameters such as beta(nuc), beta(eq), beta(nuc)n, and beta(lg)n, and intrinsic rate constants (k(o) = k1 k-1 when K1 = 1) were determined from the dependence on RS- basicity for beta-nitrostyrene and 3-cyano-beta-nitrostyrene. Beta(eq) is low (0.5), indicating that the carbon basicity of RS- is less sensitive to electronic effects in R than its proton basicity. Beta(nuc) (beta(nuc)n) is very low, suggesting a transition state with very little C-S bond formation. The low beta(nuc)n (0.22) contrasts with a large alpha(nuc)n = d log k1/d log K1 = 0.74 (variation of Z), indicating a large transition-state imbalance (alpha(nuc)n - beta(nuc)n), as previously observed in the reaction of RS- with alpha-nitrostilbenes. The intrinsic rate constant (log k(o) = 3.5) is also similar to that for the reaction of RS- with alpha-nitrostilbenes and significantly higher than for the reaction of amines with beta-nitrostyrenes. Most of these features can, at least in part, be attributed to the soft acid-soft base interactions of RS- with the nitroolefins. Rate constants for carbon protonation of several of the ArCH(RS)CH = NO2- adducts by acetic acid (k(p)HA) were also determined. They display the unusual, but for nitronate ions typical, acceleration when Ar and/or R is made more electron withdrawing.