Synthesis and Reactivity of Mixed Alkynylalanes by Direct Triethylamine-Catalyzed Alumination of Terminal Alkynes
摘要:
Terminal alumination of alkynes by DIBALH or trimethylaluminum can be performed in a simple manner in the presence of a small amount of triethylamine. This new Lewis-base-catalyzed process delivers mixed alkynyldialkylalanes of great interest, without the need of an initial deprotonation step with lithium or sodium derivatives followed by a transmetalation.
Palladiurn(<scp>0</scp>)-catalysed transfer hydrogenation of alkynes to cis-alkenes with HCO<sub>2</sub>H–NEt<sub>3</sub>
作者:Kousuke Tani、Naoya Ono、Sentaro Okamoto、Fumie Sato
DOI:10.1039/c39930000386
日期:——
Transfer hydrogenation of alkynes using HCO2HâNEt3 as a hydrogen donor in the presence of Pd0-catalyst proceeds highly stereoselecively to afford cis-alkenes in excellent yields, thus providing a practical method for conversion of alkynes to cis-alkenes.
A method for preparing a cis-olefin of the formula :
R1-CH=CH-R2 by reducing an alkyne of the formula:
R1-C≡C-R2 with formic acid in the presence of a palladium catalyst. R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, ester group, substituted silyl group, carboxyl group, cyano group, aliphatic CI-C20 hydrocarbon group, and phenyl group. The cis-olefin which is a useful intermediate for the synthesis of fine chemicals is selectively produced in high yields.
Forest change monitoring of a remote biosphere reserve
作者:S. A. Sader、D. J. Hayes、J. A. Hepinstall、M. Coan、C. Soza
DOI:10.1080/01431160117141
日期:2001.1
A forest monitoring framework using Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid cells to report forest change estimates derived from time-series satellite imagery was established for the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in northern Guatemala. Five dates of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery were acquired and digitally processed to quantify forest change for four lime periods: 1986 to 1990, 1990 to 1993, 1993 to 1995, and 1995 to 1997. Time-series change estimates are reported for 215 UTM grid cells approximately 100 km(2) each. For the period 1990 to 1997, after the designation of the MBR, the percentage of grid cells with detectable annual forest clearing increased from 38% (1990-93) to 41% (1993-95) and 45% (1995-97). Prior to the establishment of the MBR (1986-90), none of the grid cells exhibited greater than 4.0% annual forest clearing. However in the next three time periods, 7.0%, 8.8% and 9.3% of the grid cells had clearing rates exceeding 4.0% per year. The accuracy of detecting forest clearing was 86.5% over all time periods (Kappa 0.82). Estimates of forest change and user's and producer's accuracy are reported for each time period between 1990 and 1997. The time-series forest change and spatial arrangement of grid locations indicate hot spots where rates and trends of agricultural expansion can be monitored. The baseline survey and the establishment of the UTM grid network to localize forest change estimates provides a framework for future satellite estimates of forest and land cover conversion to be monitored through time. The UTM grid is proposed as the first level in a multi-level ecological monitoring system for the Maya Biosphere Reserve where there are few permanent landmarks in the remote forest region.