Cyclobenzaprine is extensively metabolized in the liver via both oxidative and conjugative pathways. Oxidative metabolism, mainly N-demethylation, is catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 (with CYP2D6 implicated to a lesser extent) and is responsible for the major metabolite desmethylcyclobenzaprine. Cyclobenzaprine also undergoes N-glucuronidation in the liver catalyzed by UGT1A4 and UGT2B10, and has been shown to undergo enterohepatic circulation.
Ten metabolites of cyclobenzaprine, accounting for approximately 50% of the urinary radioactivity, were identified in the urine of dogs to which the labeled drug had been given orally. These included the 1,2-dihydrodiol, three phenolic derivatives, the N-oxide, the 10,11-epoxide, the 10,11-glycol, desmethylcyclobenzaprine, and the glucuronide conjugates of desmethylcyclobenzaprine and cyclobenzaprine. The metabolites were excreted in both the free and conjugated states. Unchanged cyclobenzaprine was present in only minor amounts.
Cyclobenzaprine is extensively metabolized, and is excreted primarily as glucuronides via the kidney. Cytochromes P-450 3A4, 1A2, and, to a lesser extent, 2D6, mediate N-demethylation, one of the oxidative pathways for cyclobenzaprine.
The absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 3-(5 H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine (cyclobenzaprine) were investigated in the rat, dog, rhesus monkey, and man. ... Major metabolites in the rat were phenolic derivatives but in man the major metabolites were 10,11-dihydroxynortriptyline and cyclobenzaprine glucuronide. ...
Cyclobenzaprine is extensively metabolized by both oxidative and conjugative pathways. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 3A4, 1A2, and (to a lesser extent) 2D6 isoenzymes are responsible for oxidative N-demethylation of the drug.Orally administered cyclobenzaprine is excreted in urine principally as inactive glucuronide metabolites; less than 1% of the drug is excreted renally as unchanged drug.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cyclobenzaprine (used in the form of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride tablets) is indicated as an adjunct to rest and physical therapy for relief of muscle spasm associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Manifestations of toxicity may develop rapidly after a cyclobenzaprine overdose, and rarely, death may occur. The most common toxic effects associated with cyclobenzaprine overdose are drowsiness and tachycardia; less frequent manifestations include tremor, agitation, coma, ataxia, hypertension, slurred speech, confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and hallucinations. Rarely, potentially serious effects may include cardiac arrest, chest pain, cardiac dysrhythmias, severe hypotension, seizures, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is another potential side effect. Blood concentration of > or = 0.8 mg/L cyclobenzaprine may be associated with a fatal outcome. In one case of accidental overdose, the victim developed severe hypothermia and then developed cardiac arrest during transport. ANIMAL STUDIES: Ptyalism, emesis, tremors, convulsions and increased respiratory rate developed and death occurred within 1 hour following single oral doses of 180 mg/kg or more by gavage in dogs. Acute exposure to the drug in rats resulted in ataxia, decreased respiratory rate, sedation, flaccid hind legs, loss of the ear flick reflex, loss of the righting reflex with swimming movements, intermittent clonic convulsions, weight loss, lethargy, and then death. The drug was more toxic to infant and weanling rats than to young adults. In rats treated with cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride for up to 67 weeks at doses of approximately 5 to 40 times the maximum recommended human dose, pale, sometimes enlarged, livers were noted and there was a dose-related hepatocyte vacuolation with lipidosis. No evidence of embryo lethality or teratogenicity was revealed following oral doses of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day in studies in mice and rabbits. The reproductive performance and fertility of males and females, and the growth and survival of their offspring were not adversely affected by doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg/day in rats. Litter size, size and survival of the pups, and weight gain of the mothers were decreased by doses of 20 mg/kg/day. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride was determined to have no genotoxic effects in several assays, including mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay; Salmonella-Escherichia coli mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay with confirmatory assay; and in a CHO cells chromosomal aberration assay with and without metabolic activation.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
肝毒性
环苯佐林的产品说明书提到，异常肝功能、肝炎、黄疸和胆汁淤积的发生情况。
The product insert for cyclobenzaprine mentions that abnormal liver function, hepatitis, jaundice, and cholestasis occur in
The oral bioavailability of cyclobenzaprine has been estimated to be between 0.33 and 0.55. Cmax is between 5-35 ng/mL and is achieved after 4 hours (Tmax). AUC over an 8 hour dosing interval was reported to be approximately 177 ng.hr/mL.
After administration of a radio-labeled dose of cyclobenzaprine, 38-51% of radioactivity was excreted in the urine while 14-15% was excreted in the feces. Cyclobenzaprine is highly metabolized, with only approximately 1% of this same radio-labeled dose recovered in the urine as unchanged drug. Metabolites excreted in the urine are likely water-soluble glucuronide conjugates.
The volume of distribution of cyclobenzaprine is approximately 146 L. The combination of high plasma clearance despite a relatively long half-life observed with cyclobenzaprine is suggestive of extensive tissue distribution.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
清除
环苯扎林的血浆清除率大约为0.7升/分钟。
The approximate plasma clearance of cyclobenzaprine is 0.7 L/min.
Cyclobenzaprine is widely distributed into body tissues. ... It is not known if cyclobenzaprine crosses the placenta. The drug is extensively (about 93%) bound to plasma protein.
A chemoselective deoxygenation of N-oxides by sodium borohydride–Raney nickel in water
摘要：
A simple and convenient protocol for deoxygenation of aliphatic and aromatic N-oxides to the corresponding amines in good to excellent yield using sodium borohydride-Raney nickel in water is reported. Other functional moieties such as alkenes, halides, ethers, and amides are unaffected under the present reaction condition. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
[EN] SUBSTITUTED N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBOXAMIDES AS ACID CERAMIDASE INHIBITORS AND THEIR USE AS MEDICAMENTS<br/>[FR] CARBOXAMIDES N-HÉTÉROCYCLIQUES SUBSTITUÉS UTILISÉS EN TANT QU'INHIBITEURS DE LA CÉRAMIDASE ACIDE ET LEUR UTILISATION EN TANT QUE MÉDICAMENTS
申请人：BIAL BIOTECH INVEST INC
公开号：WO2021055627A1
公开（公告）日：2021-03-25
The invention provides substituted N-heterocyclic carboxamides and related compounds, compositions containing such compounds, medical kits, and methods for using such compounds and compositions to treat a medical disorder, e.g., cancer, lysosomal storage disorder, neurodegenerative disorder, inflammatory disorder, in a patient.
[EN] CROSS-LINKED PYRROLOBENZODIAZEPINE DIMER (PBD) DERIVATIVE AND ITS CONJUGATES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉ DE DIMÈRE DE PYRROLOBENZODIAZÉPINE RÉTICULÉ (PBD) ET SES CONJUGUÉS
申请人：HANGZHOU DAC BIOTECH CO LTD
公开号：WO2020006722A1
公开（公告）日：2020-01-09
A novel cross-linked cytotoxic agents, pyrrolobenzo-diazepine dimer (PBD) derivatives, and their conjugates to a cell-binding molecule, a method for preparation of the conjugates and the therapeutic use of the conjugates.
[EN] QUINAZOLINE DERIVATIVES, COMPOSITIONS, AND USES RELATED THERETO<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE QUINAZOLINE, COMPOSITIONS ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人：UNIV EMORY
公开号：WO2013181135A1
公开（公告）日：2013-12-05
The disclosure relates to quinazoline derivatives, compositions, and methods related thereto. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to inhibitors of NADPH-oxidases (Nox enzymes) and/or myeloperoxidase.
The present invention provides a compound of Formula (I) or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, which are ERK2 inhibitors. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I) and an effective amount of at least one other pharmaceutically active ingredient (such as, for example, a chemotherapeutic agent), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention relates to sulfonamide derivatives, to their use in medicine, to compositions containing them, to processes for their preparation and to intermediates used in such processes.
More particularly the invention relates to new sulfonamide Nav1.7 inhibitors of formula (I):
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein Z
1
, R
a
, R
b
, R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
and R
5
are as defined in the description.
Nav 1.7 inhibitors are potentially useful in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, particularly pain.
该发明涉及磺胺衍生物，其在医学上的应用，含有它们的组合物，其制备方法以及用于这些方法的中间体。
更具体地，该发明涉及公式（I）的新磺胺基Nav1.7抑制剂：
或其药学上可接受的盐，其中Z
1
，R
a
，R
b
，R
1
，R
2
，R
3
，R
4
和R
5
如描述中所定义。
Nav 1.7抑制剂在治疗各种疾病，特别是疼痛方面具有潜在用途。
