An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is a viologen covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.
一种储能装置包括处于激活状态的阴极材料;以及处于激活状态的阳极材料;其中:阴极材料是共价连接到第一聚合物基体内或被限制在其中的一种紫罗兰类物质,第一聚合物基体被配置为防止或最小化阴极材料在激活状态下的大量扩散;阳极材料是
苯并噻吩、
苯并噻唑、三苯并二
噻吩、
咔唑、
吲哚咔唑、双
咔唑或
二茂铁等共价连接到第二聚合物基体内或被限制在其中的一种物质,第二聚合物基体被配置为防止或最小化阳极材料在激活状态下的大量扩散。