Enhanced Helical Folding of ortho-Phenylenes through the Control of Aromatic Stacking Interactions
摘要:
The ortho-phenylenes are a simple class of foldamers, with the formation of helices driven by offset aromatic stacking interactions parallel to the helical axis. For the majority of reported o-phenylene oligomers, the perfectly folded conformer comprises perhaps 5075% of the total population. Given the hundreds or thousands of possible conformers for even short oligomers, this distribution represents a substantial bias toward the folded state. However, next-generation o-phenylenes with better folding properties are needed if these structures are to be exploited as functional units within more complex architectures. Here, we report several new series of o-phenylene oligomers, varying both the nature and orientation of the substituents on every repeat unit. The conformational behavior was probed using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations, and X-ray crystallography. We find that increasing the electron-withdrawing character of the substituents gives oligomers with substantially improved folding properties. With moderately electron-withdrawing groups (acetoxy), we observe >90% of the perfectly folded conformer, and stronger electron withdrawing groups (triflate, cyano) give oligomers for which misfolded states are undetectable by NMR. The folding of these oligomers is only weakly solvent-dependent. General guidelines for the assessment of o-phenylene folding by NMR and UVvis spectroscopy are also discussed.
Enhanced Helical Folding of <i>ortho</i>-Phenylenes through the Control of Aromatic Stacking Interactions
作者:Sanyo Mathew、Laura A. Crandall、Christopher J. Ziegler、C. Scott Hartley
DOI:10.1021/ja509902m
日期:2014.11.26
The ortho-phenylenes are a simple class of foldamers, with the formation of helices driven by offset aromatic stacking interactions parallel to the helical axis. For the majority of reported o-phenylene oligomers, the perfectly folded conformer comprises perhaps 5075% of the total population. Given the hundreds or thousands of possible conformers for even short oligomers, this distribution represents a substantial bias toward the folded state. However, next-generation o-phenylenes with better folding properties are needed if these structures are to be exploited as functional units within more complex architectures. Here, we report several new series of o-phenylene oligomers, varying both the nature and orientation of the substituents on every repeat unit. The conformational behavior was probed using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations, and X-ray crystallography. We find that increasing the electron-withdrawing character of the substituents gives oligomers with substantially improved folding properties. With moderately electron-withdrawing groups (acetoxy), we observe >90% of the perfectly folded conformer, and stronger electron withdrawing groups (triflate, cyano) give oligomers for which misfolded states are undetectable by NMR. The folding of these oligomers is only weakly solvent-dependent. General guidelines for the assessment of o-phenylene folding by NMR and UVvis spectroscopy are also discussed.
<i>ortho</i>-Phenylenes: Unusual Conjugated Oligomers with a Surprisingly Long Effective Conjugation Length
作者:Jian He、Jason L. Crase、Shriya H. Wadumethrige、Khushabu Thakur、Lin Dai、Shouzhong Zou、Rajendra Rathore、C. Scott Hartley
DOI:10.1021/ja106050s
日期:2010.10.6
oligomers which we have demonstrated by synthesizing a homologous series up to the dodecamer. The o-phenylenes exhibit complex conformational behavior but are biased toward a specific 2-fold-symmetric conformation which we believe corresponds to a stacked helix. Surprisingly, the series exhibits long-range delocalization, as measured by bathochromic shifts in UV/vis spectra. Although the overall magnitude of