galactaric acid dipropyl ester | 70954-90-4

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机氧化合物
• 英文名称: galactaric acid dipropyl ester
• 英文别名: galacto-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-adipinsaeure-dipropylester；Galactarsaeure-dipropylester；dipropyl (2S,3R,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioate
• CAS: 70954-90-4
• 化学式: C₁₂H₂₂O₈
• 分子量: 294.302
• InChiKey: WMNJSTKRHJRJAD-FIRGSJFUSA-N

物化性质

• 沸点：
  486.5±45.0 °C(Predicted)
• 密度：
  1.307±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.7
• 重原子数：
  20
• 可旋转键数：
  11
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.83
• 拓扑面积：
  134
• 氢给体数：
  4
• 氢受体数：
  8

反应信息

• 作为产物：
  描述：

  丙醇 、 meso-galactaric acid 在 盐酸 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 galactaric acid dipropyl ester
  参考文献：
  名称：

  醛酸将H2不含H2的Re基催化脱羟基生成粘康酸酯和己二酸酯。

  摘要：

  作为最需要的二元羧酸之一，己二酸可以直接由可再生资源生产。来自（半）纤维素的己糖被氧化成醛酸，随后被催化脱羟基。迄今为止，均相地进行，我们提出了将醛酸转化成粘康酸和己二酸的第一个非均相催化方法。还通过热过滤试验研究了固体预还原催化剂中浸出的稀土元素的贡献，发现其对脱羟基没有活性。腐蚀性或危险性（HBr / H 2）避免使用试剂，并在惰性气氛中使用简单的醇和固体Re / C催化剂。在120°C下，羧基被酯化保护，这可防止在没有水或酸性位点的情况下内酯化。脱羟基和部分氢化产生单己酸（93％）。为了使己二酸完全氢化，需要高出16％的活化势垒。

  DOI：

  10.1002/anie.202010035

文献信息

• Effects of a New Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (MDL 103,323) on Cancellous and Cortical Bone in Ovariectomized Ewes: A Biochemical, Histomorphometric, and Densitometric Study
  作者：Pascale Chavassieux、Patrick Garnero、Francois Duboeuf、Philippe Vergnaud、Francoise Brunner-Ferber、Pierre D. Delmas、Pierre J. Meunier

  DOI：10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.1.89

  日期：——

  The aims of this study performed in ewes were: (1) to confirm in this animal model the effects on bone of ovariectomy (OVX) alone or associated with Lentaron (L), a potent peripheral aromatase inhibitor, used to amplify the effects of OVX and (2) to evaluate the effects of a new selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM; MDL 103,323) on bone remodeling. Thirty‐nine old ewes were divided into five groups: sham (n = 7); OVX (n = 8); OVX + L (n = 8); OVX + L + MDL; 0.1 mg/kg per day (n = 8); and OVX + L + MDL 1 mg/kg per day (n = 8). The animals were treated for 6 months. Biochemical markers of bone turnover (urinary excretion of type 1 collagen C‐telopeptide [CTX], serum osteocalcin [OC], and bone alkaline phosphatase [BAP]) were measured each month. Bone biopsy specimens were taken at the beginning and after death at the end of the experiment. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) on the lumbar spine and femur. OVX induced a significant increase in biochemical markers. This effect was the highest after 3 months for CTX (+156% vs. sham) and after 4 months for OC and BAP (+74% and +53% vs. sham, respectively). L tended to amplify the effect of OVX on OC and BAP. OVX induced significant increases in the porosity, eroded, and osteoid surfaces in cortical bone but no effect was observed in cancellous bone. MDL treatment reduced the bone turnover as assessed by bone markers, which returned to sham levels as well as histomorphometry both in cortical and in cancellous bone. Cancellous osteoid thickness decreased by 27% (p < 0.05), mineralizing perimeter by 81% (p < 0.05), and activation frequency by 84% (p < 0.02) versus OVX + L. Femoral and spinal BMD were increased by MDL and tended to return to the sham values. The effects of OVX on bone turnover were different on cortical and cancellous bone. These effects on cortical bone were reflected by changes in biochemical markers. MDL markedly reduces bone turnover and increases BMD suggesting that this new agent may prevent postmenopausal bone loss.

  本研究在母羊中进行，旨在：(1) 在这一动物模型中确认单独或联合使用强效外周芳香化酶抑制剂Lentaron（L）的卵巢切除术（OVX）对骨骼的影响，以增强OVX的效果；(2) 评估一种新的选择性雌激素受体调节剂（SERM；MDL 103,323）对骨重建的影响。研究共纳入39只老母羊，分为五组：假手术组（n = 7）；OVX组（n = 8）；OVX + L组（n = 8）；OVX + L + MDL 0.1 mg/kg每日至（n = 8）；OVX + L + MDL 1 mg/kg每日至（n = 8）。动物治疗持续了6个月。每月测量骨代谢的生化标记物（尿中1型胶原C末端肽[CTX]、血清骨钙素[OC]和骨碱性磷酸酶[BAP]）。在实验开始时及结束时对死亡后的骨活检标本进行取样。通过双能X射线吸收法（DXA）测量腰椎和股骨的骨矿密度（BMD）。OVX显著提高了生化标记物的水平。这一效应在3个月后CTX达到最高值（+156%对比假手术组），在4个月后OC和BAP分别增加了74%和53%。L倾向于增强OVX对OC和BAP的影响。OVX使皮质骨的孔隙度、侵蚀面和骨样面显著增加，但海绵骨未观察到影响。MDL治疗降低了骨代谢，生化标记物恢复至假手术组水平，组织形态学分析显示皮质和海绵骨均如此。海绵骨骨样厚度减少了27%（p < 0.05），矿化边缘减少了81%（p < 0.05），激活频率减少了84%（p < 0.02），相较于OVX + L组。MDL使股骨和脊柱的BMD增加，并趋向恢复至假手术组水平。OVX对骨代谢的影响在皮质骨和海绵骨上有所不同。这些对皮质骨的影响体现在生化标记物的变化上。MDL显著降低了骨代谢并增加了BMD，提示该新剂可能预防绝经后骨质流失。
• New Compounds. Esters of Mucic Acid
  作者：J Carson

  DOI：10.1021/ja01187a091

  日期：1948.7