Design and Synthesis of Potent Inhibitors of Plasmepsin I and II: X-ray Crystal Structure of Inhibitor in Complex with Plasmepsin II
摘要:
New and potent inhibitors of the malarial aspartic proteases plasmepsin (Plm) I and II, from the deadliest malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been synthesized utilizing Suzuki coupling reactions on previously synthesized bromobenzyloxy-substituted statine-like inhibitors. The enzyme inhibition activity has been improved up to eight times by identifying P1 substituents that effectively bind to the continuous S1-S3 crevice of Plasmepsin I and II. By replacement of the bromo atom in the P1 p-bromobenzyloxy-substituted inhibitors with different aryl substituents, several inhibitors exhibiting K-i values in the low nanomolar range for both Plm I and II have been identified. Some of these inhibitors are also effective in attenuating parasite growth in red blood cells, with the best inhibitors, compounds 2 and 4, displaying 70% and 83% inhibition, respectively, at a concentration of 5 mu M. The design was partially guided by the X-ray crystal structure disclosed herein of the previously synthesized inhibitor I in complex with plasmepsin II.
Design and Synthesis of Potent Inhibitors of the Malaria Aspartyl Proteases Plasmepsin I and II. Use of Solid-Phase Synthesis to Explore Novel Statine Motifs
摘要:
Picomolar to low nanomolar inhibitors of the two aspartic proteases plasmepsin (Plm) I and II, from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been identified from sets of libraries containing novel statine-like templates modified at the amino and carboxy terminus. The syntheses of the novel statine templates were carried out in solution phase using efficient synthetic routes and resulting in excellent stereochemical control. The most promising statine template was attached to solid support and diversified by use of parallel synthesis. The products were evaluated for their Plm I and II inhibitory activity as well as their selectivity over cathepsin D. Selected inhibitors were, in addition, evaluated for their inhibition of parasite growth in cultured infected human red blood cells. The most potent inhibitor in this report, compound 16, displays K-i values of 0.5 and 2.2 nM for Plm I and II, respectively. Inhibitor 16 is also effective in attenuating parasite growth in red blood cells showing 51% inhibition at a concentration of 5 muM. Several inhibitors have been identified that exhibit K-i values between 0.5 and 74 nM for both Plm I and II. Some of these inhibitors also show excellent selectivity vs cathepsin D.
Design and Synthesis of Potent Inhibitors of the Malaria Aspartyl Proteases Plasmepsin I and II. Use of Solid-Phase Synthesis to Explore Novel Statine Motifs
作者:Per-Ola Johansson、Yantao Chen、Anna Karin Belfrage、Michael J. Blackman、Ingemar Kvarnström、Katarina Jansson、Lotta Vrang、Elizabeth Hamelink、Anders Hallberg、Åsa Rosenquist、Bertil Samuelsson
DOI:10.1021/jm031106i
日期:2004.6.1
Picomolar to low nanomolar inhibitors of the two aspartic proteases plasmepsin (Plm) I and II, from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been identified from sets of libraries containing novel statine-like templates modified at the amino and carboxy terminus. The syntheses of the novel statine templates were carried out in solution phase using efficient synthetic routes and resulting in excellent stereochemical control. The most promising statine template was attached to solid support and diversified by use of parallel synthesis. The products were evaluated for their Plm I and II inhibitory activity as well as their selectivity over cathepsin D. Selected inhibitors were, in addition, evaluated for their inhibition of parasite growth in cultured infected human red blood cells. The most potent inhibitor in this report, compound 16, displays K-i values of 0.5 and 2.2 nM for Plm I and II, respectively. Inhibitor 16 is also effective in attenuating parasite growth in red blood cells showing 51% inhibition at a concentration of 5 muM. Several inhibitors have been identified that exhibit K-i values between 0.5 and 74 nM for both Plm I and II. Some of these inhibitors also show excellent selectivity vs cathepsin D.
Design and Synthesis of Potent Inhibitors of Plasmepsin I and II: X-ray Crystal Structure of Inhibitor in Complex with Plasmepsin II
New and potent inhibitors of the malarial aspartic proteases plasmepsin (Plm) I and II, from the deadliest malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been synthesized utilizing Suzuki coupling reactions on previously synthesized bromobenzyloxy-substituted statine-like inhibitors. The enzyme inhibition activity has been improved up to eight times by identifying P1 substituents that effectively bind to the continuous S1-S3 crevice of Plasmepsin I and II. By replacement of the bromo atom in the P1 p-bromobenzyloxy-substituted inhibitors with different aryl substituents, several inhibitors exhibiting K-i values in the low nanomolar range for both Plm I and II have been identified. Some of these inhibitors are also effective in attenuating parasite growth in red blood cells, with the best inhibitors, compounds 2 and 4, displaying 70% and 83% inhibition, respectively, at a concentration of 5 mu M. The design was partially guided by the X-ray crystal structure disclosed herein of the previously synthesized inhibitor I in complex with plasmepsin II.