A Systematic Investigation of Quaternary Ammonium Ions as Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalysts. Synthesis of Catalyst Libraries and Evaluation of Catalyst Activity
摘要:
Despite over three decades of research into asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis (APTC), a fundamental understanding of the factors that affect the rate and stereoselectivity of this important process are still obscure. This paper describes the initial stages of a long-term program aimed at elucidating the physical organic foundations of APTC employing a chemoinformatic analysis of the alkylation of a protected glycine imine with libraries of enantiomerically enriched quaternary ammonium ions. The synthesis of the quaternary ammonium ions follows a diversity:oriented approach wherein the tandem inter [4 + 2]/intra[3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkenes serves as the key transformation. A two-part synthetic strategy comprised of (1) preparation of enantioenriched scaffolds and (2) development of parallel synthesis procedures is described. The strategy allows for the facile introduction of four variable groups in the vicinity of a stereogenic quaternary ammonium ion. The quaternary ammonium ions exhibited a wide range of activity and to a lesser degree enantioselectivity. Catalyst activity and selectivity are rationalized in a qualitative way on the basis of the effective positive potential of the ammonium ion.
A Systematic Investigation of Quaternary Ammonium Ions as Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalysts. Synthesis of Catalyst Libraries and Evaluation of Catalyst Activity
摘要:
Despite over three decades of research into asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis (APTC), a fundamental understanding of the factors that affect the rate and stereoselectivity of this important process are still obscure. This paper describes the initial stages of a long-term program aimed at elucidating the physical organic foundations of APTC employing a chemoinformatic analysis of the alkylation of a protected glycine imine with libraries of enantiomerically enriched quaternary ammonium ions. The synthesis of the quaternary ammonium ions follows a diversity:oriented approach wherein the tandem inter [4 + 2]/intra[3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkenes serves as the key transformation. A two-part synthetic strategy comprised of (1) preparation of enantioenriched scaffolds and (2) development of parallel synthesis procedures is described. The strategy allows for the facile introduction of four variable groups in the vicinity of a stereogenic quaternary ammonium ion. The quaternary ammonium ions exhibited a wide range of activity and to a lesser degree enantioselectivity. Catalyst activity and selectivity are rationalized in a qualitative way on the basis of the effective positive potential of the ammonium ion.
Further observations on the rhodium (I)-catalysed tandem hydrosilylation-intramolecular aldol reaction
作者:Marta Freirı́a、Andrew J Whitehead、Derek A Tocher、William B Motherwell
DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2003.12.057
日期:2004.3
The rhodium (I) catalysed tandem hydrosilylation-intramolecular aldol reaction provides a simple strategy for construction of a range of usefully functionalised five-membered rings from readily prepared 6-oxo-2-hexenoates in good yield and with good to excellent stereoselectivity. A series of silanes and rhodium catalysts have been investigated. Stereoselectivity proved to be highly dependant on the
Selective cleavages of one double bond in various 1,3-cyclic dienes were studied. It was found that the regioselectivity of fragmentation of the resulting primary ozonides depends on the size of the rings.
Tandem inter [4+2]/intra [3+2] nitroalkene cycloadditions. 4. Cycloadditions with (E)- and (Z)-1-propenyl ethers
作者:Scott E. Denmark、C. B. W. Senanayake
DOI:10.1021/jo00059a043
日期:1993.3
The tandem [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkene 1 was initiated efficiently by 1-propenyl ethers as the dienophile. Ethyl(E)-1-propenyl ether reacted highly selectively to give a single nitro so acetal cycloadduct 6. Hydrogenolysis of 6 afforded a single isomer of alpha-hydroxy lactam 8 wherein the newly installed methyl group occupied the beta-configuration. Similarly, ethyl(Z)-1-propenyl ether produced an anomeric mixture of cycloadducts 7a and 7b which afforded a single alpha-hydroxy lactam 9 upon hydrogenolysis. The methyl group in 9 occupied the alpha-orientation. The high and complementary selectivity for production of 8 and 9 was explained on the basis of an extreme endo preference for the ethoxy group of the 1-propenyl ether in the [4 + 2] cycloaddition.
WANG, ZHAOYIN;ZVILICHOVSKY, GURY, TETRAHEDRON LETT., 31,(1990) N9, C. 5579-5582