A Straightforward Synthesis of Ynones by Reaction of Dimethylalkynylaluminum Reagents with Acid Chlorides
作者:Baomin Wang、Martine Bonin、Laurent Micouin
DOI:10.1021/jo050760y
日期:2005.7.1
Alkynyldimethylaluminum reagents react with various aromatic and aliphatic acidchlorides in a fast and efficient way. This reaction provides a simple entry to numerous ynones, using readily available, inexpensive, and nontoxic metalating agent, and does not require any transition metal as a catalyst.
Synthesis of γ-Pyrones and <i>N</i>-Methyl-4-pyridones via the Au Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Cyclization of Skipped Diynones in the Presence of Water or Aqueous Methylamine
were not seen. The reaction does not proceed via the initial 1,3-transposition of the skipped diynones to their corresponding conjugated 1,3-diynone isomers. If aqueous methylamine is added, N-methyl-4-pyridones are exclusively formed in 69–79% yields via an analogous hydroamination/Au-catalyzed 6-endo cyclization pathway.
负载在 TiO 2上的 Au 纳米颗粒通过三键活化催化跳过的二炔酮在含水二恶烷中水合/6-内环化为 γ-吡喃酮。没有看到可以使用均相离子 Au(I) 催化剂通过竞争且通常占主导地位的 5-外环化途径形成的异构 3(2 H )-呋喃酮。该反应不会通过跳过的二炔酮的初始 1,3-转位为其相应的共轭 1,3-二炔酮异构体进行。如果加入甲胺水溶液,则通过类似的加氢胺化/Au 催化的 6-内环化途径仅以 69-79% 的产率形成N-甲基-4-吡啶酮。
Forest change monitoring of a remote biosphere reserve
作者:S. A. Sader、D. J. Hayes、J. A. Hepinstall、M. Coan、C. Soza
DOI:10.1080/01431160117141
日期:2001.1
A forest monitoring framework using Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid cells to report forest change estimates derived from time-series satellite imagery was established for the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in northern Guatemala. Five dates of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery were acquired and digitally processed to quantify forest change for four lime periods: 1986 to 1990, 1990 to 1993, 1993 to 1995, and 1995 to 1997. Time-series change estimates are reported for 215 UTM grid cells approximately 100 km(2) each. For the period 1990 to 1997, after the designation of the MBR, the percentage of grid cells with detectable annual forest clearing increased from 38% (1990-93) to 41% (1993-95) and 45% (1995-97). Prior to the establishment of the MBR (1986-90), none of the grid cells exhibited greater than 4.0% annual forest clearing. However in the next three time periods, 7.0%, 8.8% and 9.3% of the grid cells had clearing rates exceeding 4.0% per year. The accuracy of detecting forest clearing was 86.5% over all time periods (Kappa 0.82). Estimates of forest change and user's and producer's accuracy are reported for each time period between 1990 and 1997. The time-series forest change and spatial arrangement of grid locations indicate hot spots where rates and trends of agricultural expansion can be monitored. The baseline survey and the establishment of the UTM grid network to localize forest change estimates provides a framework for future satellite estimates of forest and land cover conversion to be monitored through time. The UTM grid is proposed as the first level in a multi-level ecological monitoring system for the Maya Biosphere Reserve where there are few permanent landmarks in the remote forest region.
Brønsted Acid Catalyzed and NIS-Promoted Cyclization of Diynones: Selective Synthesis of 4-Pyrone, 4-Pyridone, and 3-Pyrrolone Derivatives
Brønsted acid catalyzed tandem cyclization was found to be highly effective for the preparation of a series of polysubstituted 4-pyrones from diynones (yield up to 99%). 4-Pyridone and 3-pyrrolone derivatives were also selectively synthesized by employing NIS and/or Brønsted acid. NIS as an electrophilic reagent could promote these reactions efficiently and rapidly under very mild reaction conditions
Stereoselective synthesis of conjugated polyenones from diynones
作者:Cheng Guo、Xiyan Lu
DOI:10.1016/0040-4039(91)80531-a
日期:1991.12
(E,E,E,E) -Tetraenones were stereoselectively synthesized via isomerization of diynones catalyzed by palladium or iridium complexes. (E,E,Z) -Trienones were stereoselectively prepared via isomerization of diynones catalyzed by ruthenium complexes followed by Lindlar hydrogenation.