(+)-Validoxylamine-A | 38665-10-0

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机氧化合物
• 英文名称: (+)-Validoxylamine-A
• 英文别名: 4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]amino]cyclohex-4-ene-1,2,3-triol
• CAS: 38665-10-0
• 化学式: C₁₄H₂₅NO₈
• 分子量: 335.35
• InChiKey: YCJYNBLLJHFIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 溶解度：
  可溶于DMSO（少许）、甲醇（少许）

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -4.1
• 重原子数：
  23
• 可旋转键数：
  4
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.86
• 拓扑面积：
  174
• 氢给体数：
  9
• 氢受体数：
  9

ADMET

代谢

锌可以通过肺部、皮肤和胃肠进入人体。肠道对锌的吸收由锌载体蛋白CRIP控制。锌还与金属硫蛋白结合，帮助防止过量锌的吸收。锌广泛分布并在所有组织和组织液中找到，特别是在肝脏、胃肠道、肾脏、皮肤、肺、大脑、心脏和胰腺中含量较高。在血液中，锌存在于红细胞中的碳酸酐酶结合中，以及血浆中的白蛋白、α2-巨球蛋白和氨基酸结合中。白蛋白和氨基酸结合的锌可以扩散穿过组织膜。锌通过尿液和粪便排出体外。

Zinc can enter the body through the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal absorption of zinc is controlled by zinc carrier protein CRIP. Zinc also binds to metallothioneins, which help prevent absorption of excess zinc. Zinc is widely distributed and found in all tissues and tissues fluids, concentrating in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain, heart, and pancreas. In the bloodstream zinc is found bound to carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, as well as bound to albumin, _2-macroglobulin, and amino acids in the the plasma. Albumin and amino acid bound zinc can diffuse across tissue membranes. Zinc is excreted in the urine and faeces. (L49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

代谢

没有证据表明高氯酸锂会在体内代谢。它会通过泌尿系统迅速从体内排出（L894）。

There is no evidence that lithium perchlorate is metabolized in the body. It is rapidly eliminated from the body through the urinary tract (L894).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

缺铁性贫血是由于锌的过度吸收抑制了铜和铁的吸收，这很可能是通过肠道粘膜细胞的竞争性结合实现的。铜和锌与铜锌超氧化物歧化酶结合的不平衡水平与肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）有关。胃酸能溶解金属锌，生成腐蚀性的氯化锌，这可能会损伤胃粘膜。金属烟雾热被认为是对吸入锌的免疫反应。（L48, L49, A49）

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. (L48, L49, A49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

高氯酸盐阴离子（高氯酸盐）的主要和最敏感的靶标是甲状腺。高氯酸盐抑制了碘化物（I-）从血液进入甲状腺滤泡细胞的过程。这种抑制作用被认为是通过高氯酸盐竞争性地阻止碘化物与一个载体，或称为钠/碘化物同向转运体（NIS）结合来实现的，该载体催化钠（Na+）和碘化物（I-）同时穿过甲状腺滤泡细胞的基底外侧膜。高氯酸盐对NIS的抑制可能会限制合成甲状腺激素甲状腺素（T4）和三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）所需的碘化物的可用性，这进而可能会影响循环中的T4和T3水平。所有已知的高氯酸盐对甲状腺激素系统的影响都直接或间接来自于对NIS的抑制。T3对于神经系统的正常发育和几乎所有身体组织的细胞代谢的调节至关重要。在靶组织中T3的可用性受到干扰可能会导致对多种器官和系统产生不利影响（L894）。

The primary and most sensitive target of the perchlorate anion (perchlorate) is the thyroid gland. Perchlorate inhibits the transport of iodide (I-) from the blood into the thyroid follicle cells. The inhibition is thought to be accomplished by perchlorate competitively blocking iodide binding to a carrier, or sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which catalyzes the simultaneous transfer of Na+ and I-across the basolateral membrane of thyroid follicle cells. Perchlorate inhibition of the NIS can limit the availability of iodide needed for the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which in turn, may affect the circulating levels of T4 and T3. All known effects of perchlorate on the thyroid hormone system derive directly or secondarily from the inhibition of the NIS. T3 is essential for normal development of the nervous system and for the regulation of metabolism of cells in nearly all tissues of the body. Disruption in the availability of T3 in target tissues can result in adverse effects on a wide variety of organs and systems (L894).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

长期接触锌会导致贫血、共济失调、乏力，并降低体内良好胆固醇的水平。还认为它会导致胰腺和生殖损伤。

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. (L49)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

文献信息

• Treatment of rumen acidosis with alpha-amylase inhibitors
  申请人：Pfizer Limited

  公开号：EP1745790A2

  公开（公告）日：2007-01-24

  Inhibitors of rumen bacterial alpha-amylase and/or alpha-glucosidase are useful in the preparation of medicaments for the curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment of rumen acidosis and secondary conditions of rumen acidosis.

  瘤胃细菌α-淀粉酶和/或α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂可用于制备治疗、缓解和预防瘤胃酸中毒和继发性瘤胃酸中毒的药物。
• US7271158B2
  申请人：——

  公开号：US7271158B2

  公开（公告）日：2007-09-18