Influence of Alkylamides of Glutamic Acid and Related Compounds on the Central Nervous System. II. Syntheses of Amides of Glutamic Acid and Related Compounds, and Their Effects on the Central Nervous System
作者:RYOHEI KIMURA、TOSHIRO MURATA
DOI:10.1248/cpb.19.1301
日期:——
Eleven kinds of 5-alkylamides of L-and DL-glutamic acid were synthesized and assessed for anticonvulsant effects. Against lethal convulsion induced by caffeine, maximum efficacy was observed with alkylamides possessing C7 to C8 alkyl radicals in the position 5 of glutamic acid, and the compounds having C5 to C7 alkyl groups were shown to have the highest toxity. Differences in the response between L-compound and DL-compound are not significant. Synthesized ω-alkylamides of L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid and DL-2-aminoadipic acid did neither increase nor decrease the oxygen consumption by the rat brain cortex slices.
A Novel Catalytic Ability of γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase of<i>Escherichia coli</i>and Its Application in Theanine Production
作者:Koichiro MIYAKE、Shingo KAKITA
DOI:10.1271/bbb.90538
日期:2009.12.23
γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (γGCS, EC 6.3.2.2) catalyzes the formation of γ-glutamylcysteine from l-glutamic acid (Glu) and l-cysteine (Cys) in an ATP-dependent manner. While γGCS can use various amino acids as substrate, little is known about whether it can use non-amino acid compounds in place of Cys. We determined that γGCS from Escherichia coli has the ability to combine Glu and amines to form γ-glutamylamides. The reaction rate depended on the length of the methylene chain of the amines in the following order: n-propylamine > butylamine > ethylamine >> methylamine. The optimal pH for the reaction was narrower and more alkaline than for the reaction with an amino acid. The newly found catalytic ability of γGCS was used in the production of theanine (γ-glutamylethylamine). The resting cells of E. coli expressing γGCS, in which ATP was regenerated through glycolysis, synthesized 12.1 mm theanine (18 h) from 429 mm ethylamine.
flavors contained in green teas, and its homologs have been synthesized by the reactions of several metallic salts of L-pyrrolidonecarboxylicacid with primary alkylamines. Hitherto, γ-alkylamides of L-glutamic acid had been prepared in low yields by the reactions of L-pyrrolidonecarboxylicacid with anhydrous alkylamines. The use of metallic salts, especially cupric, zinc, and manganese salts, increased
The present invention provides targeting lipids of structure (Cl) L100 - linker - L101, where L100 is a lipid, lipophile, alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, L101 is a ligand or - CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)pO(CH2)qCH2-ligand, p is 1-1000, and q is 1-20. In addition, the invention provides compositions and methods for the delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, these include novel lipids and nucleic acid-lipid particles that provide efficient encapsulation of nucleic acids and efficient delivery of the encapsulated nucleic aicd to cells in vivo.