The authors begin by drawing attention to the problem of the transition from the biological to the psychic, noting that Freud himself, with his background in the neurosciences, grappled with it throughout his career. Certain recent paradigms more commonly applied to the natural sciences, such as in particular chaos and complexity theory, can in their view prove fruitful in psychoanalysis too, and it is shown how these notions are inherent in some of Freud's conceptions. The unconscious is stated to operate like a neural network, performing the kind of parallel processing used in the computing of highly complex situations, whereas the conscious mind is sequential. Dreams, in the authors' opinion, are organisers of the mind, imparting order to the turbulence of the underlying wishes and unconscious fantasies and structuring them through the dream work. Through dreams, the structured linearity of conscious thought can emerge out of the non-linear chaos of the drives. The dream's navel can be seen as the chaotic link, or interface, between the unconscious wish, which constitutes an attractor, and the conscious thought. The attractor may be visualised as having an hourglass or clepsydra shape, the narrow section being the dream's navel, and, being the same at any scale of observation, has the property of fractality.
asymmetric conjugate addition to γ,δ-unsaturated β-dicarbonylcompounds was developed. With a chiral diene–rhodium(I) μ-chloro dimer as the catalyst in toluene/H2O, asymmetric conjugate arylation of γ,δ-unsaturated β-dicarbonylcompounds with arylboronic acids proceeded in high efficiency with excellent enantioselectivities. The generated β-dicarbonyl products are versatile chiral synthons, which can
研发了向γ,δ-不饱和β-二羰基化合物中的第一个催化不对称共轭加成物。用手性二烯-铑(I)μ-氯二聚体作为甲苯/ H 2 O的催化剂,γ,δ-不饱和β-二羰基化合物与芳基硼酸的不对称共轭芳基化反应高效进行,具有出色的对映选择性。生成的β-二羰基产物是通用的手性合成子,可以容易地转化为多种重要的手性结构。
Nucleophilic acylation of α-haloketones with aldehydes: an umpolung strategy for the synthesis of 1,3-diketones
作者:Santosh Singh、Pankaj Singh、Vijai K. Rai、Ritu Kapoor、Lal Dhar S. Yadav
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.175
日期:2011.1
The first example of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-promoted intermolecular acylation of alpha-haloketones with aldehydes and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) is reported. The protocol involves carbonyl umpolung reactivity of aldehydes and enals in which the carbonyl carbon attacks nucleophilically on electrophilic terminal of alpha-haloketones to afford 1,3-diketones and alpha,beta-unsaturated 1,3-diketones, respectively. Short reaction time, ambient temperature, operational simplicity, and high yields are the salient features of the present procedure. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Giua, Gazzetta Chimica Italiana, 1919, vol. 49 II, p. 171