Desalination plants are being widely used in the inland areas of many countries to supply water for domestic purposes. When these areas are far from the shorelines of salt-water bodies, the opportunity to dispose of the reject brine (also known as concentrate, reject water, or wastewater) back into these water bodies no longer exists, In such instances, the use of evaporation ponds is very significant, both economically and environmentally. Other alternatives for brine disposal may also be very effective in some instances. Under certain conditions, brine from desalination plants can have useful applications. Potentials for such applications are addressed in this paper along with a critical review of current innovative concepts for the disposal of reject brine from inland desalination plants. This paper will also assess the present status of disposal mechanisms of brine from desalination plants and outline future research areas that could be pursued for effective, economical, and environmentally sound means for brine disposal from such plants.
Desalination plants are being widely used in the inland areas of many countries to supply water for domestic purposes. When these areas are far from the shorelines of salt-water bodies, the opportunity to dispose of the reject brine (also known as concentrate, reject water, or wastewater) back into these water bodies no longer exists, In such instances, the use of evaporation ponds is very significant, both economically and environmentally. Other alternatives for brine disposal may also be very effective in some instances. Under certain conditions, brine from desalination plants can have useful applications. Potentials for such applications are addressed in this paper along with a critical review of current innovative concepts for the disposal of reject brine from inland desalination plants. This paper will also assess the present status of disposal mechanisms of brine from desalination plants and outline future research areas that could be pursued for effective, economical, and environmentally sound means for brine disposal from such plants.
Cross-Coupling of Nonactivated Primary and Secondary Alkyl Halides with Aryl Grignard Reagents Catalyzed by Chiral Iron Pincer Complexes
作者:Xile Hu、Gerald Bauer、Chi Cheung
DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1380136
日期:——
Abstract Iron(III) bisoxazolinylphenylamido (bopa) pincer complexes are efficient precatalysts for the cross-coupling of nonactivated primary and secondary alkyl halides with phenyl Grignardreagents. The reactions proceed at room temperature in moderate to excellent yields. A variety of functional groups can be tolerated. The enantioselectivity of the coupling of secondary alkyl halides is low. Iron(III)
Kawasaki; Yamamura, Yakugaku Zasshi/Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 1939, vol. 59, p. 144,148
作者:Kawasaki、Yamamura
DOI:——
日期:——
Kawasaki; Yamamura, Yakugaku Zasshi/Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 1939, vol. 59, p. 418,dtsch. Ref. S. 144, 151
作者:Kawasaki、Yamamura
DOI:——
日期:——
Montmorillonite Clay Catalysis. VIII. Synthesis of Arylcholestenes by Friedelcrafts Reaction Catalysed by Montmorillonite K-10.
作者:Li-Jun Li、Bo Lu∗∗、Tong-Shuang Li、Ji-Tai Li
DOI:10.1080/00397919808006843
日期:1998.4
A series of 3 beta-arylcholestenes were synthesised by Friedel-Crafts reaction of cholesterol with arenes catalysed by montmorillonite K-10.
Synthesis of alkylbenzenes by Friedel-Crafts reactions catalysed by K10-montmorillonite
作者:Odette Sieskind、Pierre Albrecht
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)77527-7
日期:1993.2
Monoalkylation of benzene with primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols took place in high yields when K10-montmorillonite was used as acidic catalyst. Unexpected formation of 1-phenylalkylbenzenes occurred, beside other isomers with primary alcohols. Monoalkylation with cholestanol and cholesterol was regiospecific and located at C-3. Clay-catalysed alkylbenzene formation may also be of geochemical interest.