Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as alpha-keto-delta-guanidinoacetic acid are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
Snapshots of the Catalytic Cycle of an O<sub>2</sub>, Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Hydroxylase
作者:Jason B. Hedges、Eugene Kuatsjah、Yi-Ling Du、Lindsay D. Eltis、Katherine S. Ryan
DOI:10.1021/acschembio.8b00039
日期:2018.4.20
Enzymes that catalyze hydroxylation of unactivated carbons normally contain heme and nonheme iron cofactors. By contrast, how a pyridoxalphosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme could catalyze such a hydroxylation was unknown. Here, we investigate RohP, a PLP-dependent enzyme that converts l-arginine to (S)-4-hydroxy-2-ketoarginine. We determine that the RohP reaction consumes oxygen with stoichiometric release
催化未活化碳羟基化的酶通常包含血红素和非血红素铁辅助因子。相比之下,磷酸吡ido醛(PLP)依赖性酶如何催化这种羟基化是未知的。在这里,我们研究RohP,一种PLP依赖性酶,可将1-精氨酸转化为(S)-4-羟基-2-酮精氨酸。我们确定RohP反应消耗化学计量的H 2 O 2释放氧气。为了理解这种不寻常的化学反应,我们获得了约1.5Å的分辨率结构,可沿催化循环捕获中间体。我们的数据表明RohP进行四电子氧化和立体定向烯烃水合以生成(S)配置的产品。连同我们对O 2,依赖PLP的l-精氨酸氧化酶的早期研究一起,我们的工作表明存在一条共同的途径导致l-精氨酸的氧化和羟基化产物。
BITTER TASTE MODIFIERS INCLUDING SUBSTITUTED 1-BENZYL-3-(1-(ISOXAZOL-4-YLMETHYL)-1H-PYRAZOL-4-YL)IMIDAZOLIDINE-2,4-DIONES AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF
申请人:SENOMYX, INC.
公开号:US20160376263A1
公开(公告)日:2016-12-29
The present invention includes compounds and compositions known to modify the perception of bitter taste, and combinations of said compositions and compounds with additional compositions, compounds, and products. Exemplary compositions comprise one or more of the following: cooling agents; inactive drug ingredients; active pharmaceutical ingredients; food additives or foodstuffs; flavorants, or flavor enhancers; food or beverage products; bitter compounds; sweeteners; bitterants; sour flavorants; salty flavorants; umami flavorants; plant or animal products; compounds known to be used in pet care products; compounds known to be used in personal care products; compounds known to be used in home products; pharmaceutical preparations; topical preparations; cannabis-derived or cannabis-related products; compounds known to be used in oral care products; beverages; scents, perfumes, or odorants; compounds known to be used in consumer products; silicone compounds; abrasives; surfactants; warming agents; smoking articles; fats, oils, or emulsions; and/or probiotic bacteria or supplements.
The marine environment is a rich source of antimicrobial compounds with promising pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. The Pseudoalteromonas genus harbors one of the highest proportions of bacterial species producing antimicrobial molecules. For decades, the presence of proteins with L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) and antimicrobialactivity in Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea has been known
R305E toward l‐arginine. LGOX R305E is a thermostable and pH stable enzyme. The amount of hydrogen peroxide, which is a byproduct of oxidative deamination of l‐arginine by LGOX R305E, is proportional to the concentration of l‐arginine in a range from 0 to 100 μM. The linear relationship is maintained around 1 μM of l‐arginine. Thus, LGOX R305E is suitable for the determination of l‐arginine.
Non-standard amino acid conjugates of amphetamine and processes for making and using the same
申请人:Mickle Travis C.
公开号:US20080139653A1
公开(公告)日:2008-06-12
Disclosed are amphetamine prodrug compositions comprising at least one non-standard amino acid conjugate of amphetamine, a salt thereof, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. Methods of making and using the same are also disclosed.