作者:Xiao-Shan Ning、Xin Liang、Kang-Fei Hu、Chuan-Zhi Yao、Jian-Ping Qu、Yan-Biao Kang
DOI:10.1002/adsc.201701512
日期:2018.4.17
A Pd‐tBuONO co‐catalyzed scalable and practical synthesis of indoles with molecular oxygen as terminal oxidant is developed. Either terminal or internal 2‐vinylanilines could be smoothly converted to desired indoles under one general condition. This method has been evaluated in the large scale synthesis of indomethacin and a potential anti‐breast cancer drug candidate 1.
various N‐morpholino amides with TMPZnCl⋅LiCl (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl) and Mg(OPiv)2 in THF at 25 °C provides solid zinc enolates with enhanced air and moisture stability (t1/2 in air: 1–3 h) after solvent evaporation. These enolates undergo Pd‐ and Cu‐catalyzed cross‐couplings with (hetero)aryl bromides as well as allylic and benzylic halides. The arylated N‐morpholino amides were converted into
作者:Robert Gastpar、Michael Goldbrunner、Doris Marko、Erwin von Angerer
DOI:10.1021/jm980228l
日期:1998.12.1
The aim of this study was the identification of the essential structural elements in the 12-formyl-5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline system required for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization which is understood to be the predominant mode of action of this class of cytostatics. Since 2-phenylindole forms the main fragment of this tetracycle, it was used as the basic structure and modified with respect to the number and positions of the oxygen functions in the aromatic rings. Further modifications related to the nitrogen, which was both replaced by oxygen and sulfur and alkylated. All derivatives were tested for cytostatic activity in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB 231, MCF-7) and inhibition of tubulin polymerization. The spectrum of activity ranged from inactive to IC50 values of 35 nM (cell growth inhibition) and 1.5 mu M (tubulin polymerization), respectively, for the most active derivative 3e (3-formyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)indole). Although the correlation between antiproliferative activity and inhibition of tubulin polymerization was not very pronounced, all of the potent cytostatic agents in this study disrupted microtubule assembly completely at the standard concentration of 40 mu M. By fluorescence microscopy it was demonstrated that the derivative 3e degrades the cytoskeleton in a similar fashion as colchicine does leading to the condensation of the microtubules around the nucleus after treatment. The comparison between hydroxy and methoxy derivatives revealed st striking difference between the 2-phenylindole derivatives and the indoloisoquinolines. In the 2-phenylindole series, the methoxy compounds were much more effective than the free phenols, whereas in the tetracyclic system the effect of the hydroxy derivatives exceeded that of the methylated compounds by I order of magnitude. Preliminary studies on the binding mode showed that both the 2-phenylindole derivatives and the indoloisoquinolines bind to the colchicine site on tubulin.
[(2-Phenylindol-3-yl)methylene]propanedinitriles inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells by cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and apoptosis
作者:Michaela Pojarová、Doris Kaufmann、Robert Gastpar、Tsuyuki Nishino、Przemyslaw Reszka、Patrick J. Bednarski、Erwin von Angerer
DOI:10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.046
日期:2007.12
Cell cycle arrest of malignant cells is an important option for cancer treatment. In this study, we modified the structure of antimitotic 2-phenylindole-3-carbaldehydes by condensation with malononitrile. The resulting methylene propanedinitriles inhibited the growth of MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 values below 100 nM. Though they exhibited similar structure-activity relationships as the aldehydes, they did not inhibit tubulin polymerization but were capable of blocking the cell cycle in G(2)/M phase. The cell cycle arrest was accompanied by apoptosis as demonstrated by the activation of caspases 3 and 9. Since the new 2-phenylindole derivatives also inhibited the growth of transplanted MXT mouse mammary tumors, they are interesting candidates for further development. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.