Soluble 3′,6-Substituted Indirubins with Enhanced Selectivity toward Glycogen Synthase Kinase -3 Alter Circadian Period
作者:Konstantina Vougogiannopoulou、Yoan Ferandin、Karima Bettayeb、Vassilios Myrianthopoulos、Olivier Lozach、Yunzhen Fan、Carl Hirschie Johnson、Prokopios Magiatis、Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis、Emmanuel Mikros、Laurent Meijer
DOI:10.1021/jm800648y
日期:2008.10.23
Glycogen synthase kinase -3 (GSK-3) is a key enzyme involved in numerous physiological events and in major diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cardiac hypertrophy. Indirubins are bis-indoles that can be generated from various natural sources or chemically synthesized. While rather potent and selective as GSK-3 inhibitors, most indirubins exhibit low water solubility. To address the issue of solubility, we have designed novel analogues of 6-bromo-indirubin-3'-oxime with increased hydrophilicity based on the GSK-3/indirubins cocrystal structures. The new derivatives with an extended amino side chain attached at position 3' showed potent GSK-3 inhibitory activity, enhanced selectivity, and dramatically increased water solubility. Furthermore, some of them displayed little or no cytotoxicity. The new indirubins inhibit GSK-3 in a cellular reporter model. They alter the circadian period measured in rhythmically expressing cell cultures, suggesting that they might constitute tools to investigate circadian rhythm regulation.