Facile one-pot fluorination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with N-fluoro-2,4-dinitroimidazole; scope and limitation
摘要:
The synthetic utility of N-fluoro-2,4-dinitro-imidazole 'NF-2,4-DNI', a recently introduced NF fluorinating agent, has been tested for direct one-pot fluorination of several classes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, namely pyrene, crowded alkyl(cycloalkyl)-pyrenes; hexahydro- and tetrahydro-pyrene; benzo[a] anthracene; benzo[a]- and benzo[e]pyrene; perylene; 2,7-di-tert-butylphenanthrene; chrysene; 9-methylanthracene and anthracene, as well as trans-15, 16-dimethyl-dihydropyrene; azuleno[1,2-a] acenaphthylene and azulene. Although the isolated yields are modest, the ease of handling of the reagent, simple operation (reflux in dichloroethane for 3 days) and the use of 1.1 equivalent of the reagent makes the procedure quite attractive for polynuclear aromatics, avoiding multi-step operations (NO2-PAH-->NH2-PAH-->N-2(+)-PAH-->F-PAH) or the use of toxic or costly reagents (CF3OF, XeF2, etc.); it provides direct one-pot access to a variety of F-PAHs that are not readily made using other fluorinating agents. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Oxidation of sterically crowded alkyl(cycloalkyl)pyrenes. Persistent dications in SbF5/SO2ClF and radical cations in FSO3H/SO2
作者:Kenneth K. Laali、Poul Erik Hansen、Edward Gelerinter、John J. Houser
DOI:10.1021/jo00067a049
日期:1993.7
Sterically crowded alkylpyrenes 2-7 undergo two-electron oxidation with SbF5/SO2ClF (or SbF5.FSO3H (9:1)/SO2ClF) to give persistent alkylpyrene dications. In agreement with the charge distribution pattern observed in the parent pyrene dication and with semiempirical calculations (AM1) on isomeric monoisopropylpyrenes dications; the deshielding order C(alpha) > C(alphabeta) > C(beta) was found in their carbon-13 NMR spectra regardless of the number and position of the alkyl substituents. In most cases, the observed DELTAdelta13C for the aromatic ipso-carbon signals of the alkylpyrenium dications relative to those of 1(+2) were slightly larger than expected for a normal substituent effect in the alkylpyrene precursors. Only minor changes (DELTAdelta13C) in the unsubstituted positions were observed, except for the ring carbons in highly crowded locations for which a noticeable upfield shift was detected. The H-1 NMR spectra of alkylpyrenium dications showed a much greater substituent dependency. Low temperature reactions of the less-reactive pyrene and 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene with SbF5/SO2ClF led primaryl to sulfonylation sigma-complexes rather than oxidation dications. Persistent alkylpyrene radical cations were found to coexist with the alkylpyrenium ions of protonation in FSO3H/SO2 (ESR detection) without any noticeable line broadening in the NMR spectra of the Wheland intermediates.