Mechanism of thermal Z/E isomerization of substituted N-benzylideneanilines. Nature of the activated complex with an sp-hybridized nitrogen atom
摘要:
In order to study the mechanism of thermal geometrical isomerization involving a sp2-hybridized nitrogen atom, kinetic effects of substituent, solvent, and pressure were studied in substituted N-benzylideneanilines. The effect of the substituent on the aniline moiety was almost independent of the electronic nature of the benzylidene group, and the results could be described satisfactorily by log (k/k(o)) = rho[sigma-degrees + r+(sigma+-sigma-degrees)+ r-(sigma--sigma-degrees)], except for the 4-(dimethylamino) group. The r- values were more than twice as large as r+, suggesting strongly that the aniline ring is in conjugation not with the carbon-nitrogen pi bond but with the nitrogen lone pair in the transition state. The lower activation enthalpies and fairly large negative activation entropies observed in N-(4-X-benzylidene)4-nitroanilines also support this view. When a dimethylamino group exists in the 4-position of the aniline ring, the rate constants observed were larger than that expected from the above equation. This deviation suggests the existence of a reaction route where the two phenyl groups become coplanar in the transition state. Ab initio calculations on selected N-phenylformaldimines and N-benzylideneanilines were performed to characterize the actual relation between both reaction possibilities as alternative and parallel routes, respectively. On the basis of the experimental data, the rate constants for the two inversion isomerizations were estimated by assuming parallel reactions for three cases.
series of Schiff bases in the condensationreaction between benzaldehydes and anilines, in the absence of solvent. Benzaldehydes and anilines, containing either electron‐withdrawing or electron‐releasing groups, were assessed to identify any substituent effect on the formation of the Schiff bases. This methodology is characterized by ease of set‐up and work‐up, and the reaction yields were comparable with
Catalytic Asymmetric γ‐Lactam Synthesis from Enolisable Anhydrides and Imines
作者:Aarón Gutiérrez Collar、Cristina Trujillo、Bruce Lockett‐Walters、Brendan Twamley、Stephen J. Connon
DOI:10.1002/chem.201901028
日期:2019.5.28
An anion‐binding approach to the problem of preparing enantioenriched γ‐lactams from enolisable anhydrides and imines is reported. A simple bisurea catalyst promotes the cycloaddition between α‐aryl succinic anhydrides and either PMP‐ or benzhydryl‐protected aldimines to provide γ‐lactams with two contiguous stereocentres (one quaternary) with complete diastereocontrol and high to excellent enantioselectivity
Lipase-catalyzed resolution of 4-aryl-substituted β-lactams: effect of substitution on the 4-aryl ring
作者:Jason A Carr、Talal F Al-Azemi、Timothy E Long、Jeung-Yeop Shim、Cristina M Coates、Edward Turos、Kirpal S Bisht
DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.057
日期:2003.11
reactions occurred with high enantioselectivity and substrate conversion. The effect of substitution on the C-4 aryl ring on lipase hydrolytic activity was dependent upon the steric and electronic nature of the substituent and its position on the aryl ring. The stereopreference of the lipase PS-30 for the (3S,4R) enantiomer was rationalized using a known active site model. Absolute stereochemistry of the
Neutral and Zwitterionic Low-Coordinate Titanium Complexes Bearing the Terminal Phosphinidene Functionality. Structural, Spectroscopic, Theoretical, and Catalytic Studies Addressing the Ti−P Multiple Bond
作者:Guangyu Zhao、Falguni Basuli、Uriah J. Kilgore、Hongjun Fan、Halikhedkar Aneetha、John C. Huffman、Gang Wu、Daniel J. Mindiola
DOI:10.1021/ja064853o
日期:2006.10.1
the terminalphosphinidene linkage to be stabilized via a pseudo Ti[triple bond]P bond. Linearity about the Ti-P-C(ipso) linkage is highly dependent on the sterically encumbering substituents protecting the phosphinidene. Complex ((tBu)nacnac)Ti=P[Trip]CH3B(C6F5))(3)} can catalyze the hydrophosphination of PhCCPh with H(2)PPh to produce the secondary vinylphosphine HP[Ph]PhC=CHPh. In addition, we demonstrate
The present invention relates to methods for dyeing keratinous fibers, without significantly damaging the hair. According to the method of the present invention the fibers are treated in a dry state by contacting said fibers with at least one oxidoreductase and at least one dye precursor. In this way it is possible to dye, e.g. human hair, in a simple and efficient manner.