our calculated fep, pKa, and natural charge analysis results as well. In general, the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents on 1-hydroxybenzotriazoles facilitates the lowering of pKa and fep. As the pKa values are lowered, a greater percentage of such hydroxybenzotriazoles remain in their deprotonated, anionic forms at pH 8.2. Since the anionic forms are nucleophilic, pKa lowering should enhance