Synthesis of 2-Pyridinylbenzoxazole: Mechanism for the Intramolecular Photosubstitution of the Haloarene with the Carbonyl Oxygen of the Amide Bond in Basic Medium
摘要:
2-Pyridinylbenzoxazole derivatives have been synthesized by the intramolecular photosubstitution reaction of N-(2-halophenyl)pyridinecarboxamide (1 and 2) with its amide bond in basic medium. In neutral medium both intramolecular photosubstitution and photoreduction reactions occurred. In the photosubstitution reaction a singlet state of the o-haloarene is involved, whereas in the photoreduction a triplet state of the o-haloarene is involved; oxygen inhibited the photoreduction but not the photosubstitution. The relative rate studies showed that a base accelerates the photosubstitution reaction but decelerates the photoreduction. o-Iodoarenecarboxamide is more reactive than o-bromoarenecarboxamide, which in turn is more reacitive than o-chloroarenecarboxamide. UV-vis absorption change in the presence of a base showed that an imidol and/or imidolate anion is involved in the reaction. Several transient species, such as charge-transfer excited states and a cyclohexadienyl anion radical, have been identified from the photolysis of 1 and 2 in basic medium by laser flash photolysis. In neutral medium dibromide anion radical and a phenyl a radical were identified in addition to the above intermediates. On the basis of the photokinetic and laser flash photolysis studies, an intramolecular photosubstitution of N-(o-halophenyl)-pyridinecarboxamide with its amide bond occurs via an intramolecular S-N(ET)Ar* mechanism to afford 2-pyridinylbenzoxazole derivative, and the photoreduction proceeds via a free radical mechanism to give N-phenylpyridinecarboxamide.
Efficient palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of azines and diazines using ligand-free conditions
作者:Luca Basolo、Egle M. Beccalli、Elena Borsini、Gianluigi Broggini
DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.025
日期:2009.4
The use of the palladium-catalyzed direct arylation was successfully tested on different electron-deficient heterocycles. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method based on the intramolecular coupling reaction providing polyazacyclic systems. This new application was obtained by using ligand-free conditions with the mixture of Pd(OAc)(2) and TBAC as catalytic system. With suitable substrates different products arising from regioselective coupling were observed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.