reaction sequences shown in Figs 1-5, the absoluteconfiguration of optically active biaryl derivatives such as biphenyl, binaphthyl, bianthryl and bianthroaquinonyl havebeen clearly established, based on the standard compound (R)-(+)-I, in the binaphthyl system, whoseabsoluteconfiguration was unequivocally determined by the anomalous X-ray diffraction method.