Regiochemistry of intramolecular photocycloaddition of 1,3-dioxin-4-ones tethered through the ketal carbon
摘要:
1,3-Dioxin-4-one photosubstrates were prepared by condensation of alkenones with ketoesters or formyl Meldrum's Acid. The resulting dioxinones contained enone and alkene chromophores, linked through the ketal carbon of the dioxinone ring. The dioxinones were irradiated and the regiochemistry of the photoproducts was established. Substrates with a two carbon tether gave head to head products, while substrates with a three or four carbon tether gave predominantly head to tail products. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Identification of Fumarate Hydratase Inhibitors with Nutrient-Dependent Cytotoxicity
作者:Toshifumi Takeuchi、Paul T. Schumacker、Sergey A. Kozmin
DOI:10.1021/ja5101257
日期:2015.1.21
Development of cell-permeable small molecules that target enzymes involved in energy metabolism remains important yet challenging. We describe here the discovery of a new class of compounds with a nutrient-dependent cytotoxicity profile that arises from pharmacological inhibition of fumarate hydratase (also known as fumarase). This finding was enabled by a high-throughput screen of a diverse chemical library in a panel of human cancer cell lines cultured under different growth conditions, followed by subsequent structure-activity optimization and target identification. While the highest cytotoxicity was observed under low glucose concentrations, the antiproliferative activities and inhibition of oxygen consumption rates in cells were distinctly different from those displayed by typical inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The use of a photoaffinity labeling strategy identified fumarate hydratase as the principal pharmacological target. Final biochemical studies confirmed dose-dependent, competitive inhibition of this enzyme in vitro, which was fully consistent with the initially observed growth inhibitory activity. Our work demonstrates how the phenotypic observations combined with a successful target identification strategy can yield a useful class of pharmacological inhibitors of an enzyme involved in the operation of tricarboxylic acid cycle.