毒理性
识别和用途：硝酸铵为亮黄色片状或正交晶体。红色形态不是一个明确的多态性，而是黄色盐稍微受污染的形式。它有苦味。它用于炸药、烟花和火箭推进剂。它用于烟火和爆炸混合物。人类暴露和毒性：硝酸铵可以通过皮肤渗透。这种化学物质对皮肤、眼睛和粘膜有中等刺激性。这种化学物质可刺激眼睛和皮肤，并引起过敏。摄入会导致苦味、恶心、腹泻、呕吐、腹痛、皮肤疹、昏迷，甚至可能死亡。吸入高浓度会损害肾脏、肝脏和红细胞。尿液可能变红、减少，甚至停止；可能会有嗜睡、昏迷，甚至死亡。长期暴露：反复暴露会导致皮肤和眼睛变黄、皮肤过敏、肝脏、肾脏和血细胞损伤。最常见的职业健康问题是皮炎，认为是由于敏感化而不是硝酸酯的初次刺激引起的。上呼吸道疾病微不足道，系统性毒性在工人中未被发现。皮肤病变通常出现在上肢暴露部位。暴露最少的人似乎更容易患皮炎，而在暴露最严重的地方工作的人并没有患皮炎。硝酸铵可引起恶心、呕吐、腹泻、皮肤染色、皮炎、皮肤圆形疹、昏迷和癫痫。动物研究：硝酸铵在一系列体外微生物实验中进行了致突变活性的检测，使用沙门氏菌和酿酒酵母作为指示生物。化合物在一系列浓度下进行测试，以证明在高剂量下有一些化学诱导的生理效应的定量或定性证据。致突变性测试的结果都是阴性的。硝酸铵对水生生物有害。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonium picrate is found as bright yellow scales or orthorhombic crystals. The red form is not a distinct polymorph, but a slightly contaminated form of the yellow salt. It has a bitter taste. It is used in explosives, in fireworks and rocket propellants. It is used in pyrotechnics and explosive compositions. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Ammonium picrate can pass through the skin. This chemical is moderately irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. This chemical can irritate the eyes, and skin and is an allergen. Ingestion can cause a bitter taste, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, skin eruptions, stupor, and possible death. Breathing high levels can damage the kidneys, liver, and red blood cells. Urine may become reddish, scant, or even stop; there may be drowsiness, coma, and even death. Long Term Exposure: Repeated exposure can cause the skin and eyes to turn yellow, skin allergy, liver, kidney, and blood cell damage. The most common occupational health problem was dermatitis, which was thought to be due to sensitization and not primary irritation by the picrate. Upper respiratory disease was negligible and systemic toxicity was not recognized among the workers. The cutaneous lesions appeared usually on the exposed parts of the upper extremities. Persons least exposed seemed more liable to acquire dermatitis, which did not develop in those engaged in operations where there was the heaviest exposure. Ammonium picrate can produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, staining of the skin, dermatitis, circular eruptions of the skin, coma, and seizures. ANIMAL STUDIES: Ammonium picrate was examined for mutagenic activity in a series of in vitro microbial assays employing Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicator organisms. The compound was tested over a series of concentration such that there was either quantitative or qualitative evidence of some chemically induced physiological effects at the high dose. The results of the mutagenicity tests were all negative. Ammonium nitrate is harmful to aquatic organisms.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
