Rats treated orally with several promutagens and carcinogens containing haloallyl or halopropyl substituents excrete small amount of urinary 2-haloacrylic acids, analyzed as their pentafluorobenzyl esters, such as 2-chloroacrylic acid and trichloroacrylic acid from triallate. Rabbit liver microsomal oxidases also yield 2-chloroacrylic and trichloroacrylic acids from triallate. 2-Haloacroleins as potent mutagens and intermediary metabolites may contribute to adverse toxicological properties of triallate.
The major (57-83% yields) mouse microsomal mixed function oxidase metabolites of (E) and (Z) diallate and triallate are identified by HPLC cochromatography as the corresponding sulfoxides. Other mixed function oxidase metabolites identified by headspace GLC/MS and quantitated by GLC/ECD are 21-chloroacrolein from diallate (9.2% and 1.6% from the Z and E isomers, respectively) and sulfallate (0.3% yield) and 2,3-trichloracrolein from triallate. Addition of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase to the mixed function oxidase system reduces the amounts of sulfoxides and yields new products identified by headspace GLC/ECD and GLC/MS as 2,3-dichlorallylthiol from (E) and (Z) diallate and 2,3,3-trichlorallylthiol from triallate, they also increase by 9 fold the liberation of 2-chloroallythiol from sulfallate. Thus, formation of mutagenic chloroacroleins involves primarily sulfoxidation of (E) and (Z) diallate followed by (2,3) sigmatropic rearrangement-1,2-elimination reactions and S-methylene hydroxylation of triallate and sulfallate and then decomposition of their alpha-hydroxy intermediates. Competing glutathione S-transferase catalyzed conjugations with glutathione divert the sulfoxidized intermediates from activation involving chloroacrolein formation to detoxification on chloroallylthiol liberation.
(13)C, (14)C Triallate was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats. Twelve excreted metabolites were identified, the most abundant being 2,3,3-trichloro-2-propenesulfinic acid. Five metabolites derived from 2,3,3-trichloro-2-propenethiol were identified in excreta, including a methyl sulfone mercapturate whose structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Three 2-chloroacrylate metabolites were identified, including a 2-chloroacrylate mercapturate whose structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. 2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenol and hydroxytriallate were also identified as metabolites. Dosing of radiolabeled thiol and sulfinic acid to separate animals resulted in excretion of only thiol derived metabolites in the urine of thiol dosed rats, while sulfinic acid and sulfonic acid were excreted by sulfinic acid dosed rats. Triallate metabolism in rats proceeds via three main pathways, ie, S-oxidation leading to sulfur acids, S-oxidation/hydrolysis/reduction leading to thiol derivatives, and C-oxidation of the 2,3,3-trichloropropenethiol moiety. Thus, formation of readily excreted sulfur acids and thiol derivatives is the major route of triallate metabolism in rats.
Rat liver enzyme preparations were used to investigate the mechanistic pathways of triallate metabolism. Incubation of (14)C triallate with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate fortified microsomes gave rise to metabolites generated via a number of reaction types, including sulfur oxidation/hydrolysis and hydroxylation of the allylic thiol moiety accompanied by rearrangement. Addition of glutathione to microsomal incubations resulted in the formation of glutathione conjugates arising via conjugate addition of glutathione to metabolic intermediates such as trichloroacrolein. Addition of glutathione to microsomal incubations inhibited the binding of triallate derived radioactivity to microsomal proteins. Metabolite identification was accomplished by mass spectrometry and chemical synthesis and by a novel application of heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy.
As a general rule, thiocarbamates can be absorbed via the skin, mucous membranes, and the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. They are eliminated quite rapidly, mainly via expired air and urine. Two major pathways exist for the metabolism of thiocarbamates in mammals. One is via sulfoxidation and conjugation with glutathione. The conjugation product is then cleaved to a cysteine derivative, which is metabolized to a mercapturic acid compound. The second route is oxidation of the sulfur to a sulfoxide, which is then oxidized to a sulfone, or hydroxylation to compounds that enter the carbon metabolic pool.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Triallate is a dark brown to yellow solid (>30 °C clear brown to dark brown liquid). It is a selective herbicide for control of wild oats in wheat. HUMAN STUDIES: Triallate did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in human cells. Epidemiological study did not find significant changes in neurological function after high triallate exposure. ANIMAL STUDIES: It was highly irritating to skin, and slightly irritating to eyes in rabbits. Hens fed triallate daily for 10 days had decreased fertility and induced hemorrhaging and degenerative necrotic changes in liver, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Oral administration of 945 mg/kg triallate to mice and 500 mg/kg to rabbits decreased brain acetylcholinesterase activity and the number of erythrocytes in peripheral blood. When given to sheep at 300 mg/kg, it decreased aspartate aminotransferase and increased alanine aminotransferase activities in blood serum. A decrease in peripheral blood RNA was found in pigs given triallate. Brain hemorrhages, focal hepatic cell necrosis and splenic hyperplasia were observed. Triallate inhibited blood cholinesterase and brain cholinesterase slightly in rabbits. When tested for neurotoxicity in Leghorn hens, triallate did not elicit signs of neurotoxicity at 300 mg/kg/day topically or 400 mg/kg/day orally. Sheep may be poisoned by 300 mg/kg of triallate, showing signs of depression, anorexia, salivation, weakness, convulsions and paresis. Triallate produced endocrine changes in ewes and caused a significant increase in severity of oviductal intraepithelial cysts. Long-term studies in mice described hepatocellular carcinoma in both sexes and liver hemangiosarcoma in males. Reduced fetal weight and skeletal variation were noted in developmental studies in rats. When tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium, a positive response was present for strains TA-1535 and TA-100 with and without activation and for strain TA 98 with activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Static acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius suggested that triallate was very toxic to aquatic invertebrates.
The metabolic products of triallate, diallate and sulfallate appear to be mutagenic or carcinogenic. In particular, the 2-chloro-allyl group is responsible for the mutagenicity of these herbicides. These metabolites likely bind to or disrupt DNA causes base-pair subsitutions. Diallate has been shown to be a carcinogen in mice. Some thiocarbamates (EPTC, Molinate, Pebulate, and Cycloate) share a common mechanism of toxicity, i.e. the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.
Not listed by IARC. Sulfallate, a metabolite of triallate, is classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Diallate, another metabolite, is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). (L135)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
试译如下:
Triallate is mutagenic. Data concerning the effects of thiocarbamates on man are scarce. 硫代氨基甲酸盐对人类影响的数据很稀缺。However, cases of irritation and sensitization have been observed among agricultural workers. 然而,在农业工作者中已经观察到刺激和致敏的情况。Some thiocarbamates, e.g., molinate, have an effect on sperm morphology and, consequently, on reproduction. 一些硫代氨基甲酸盐,例如 molinate,对精子形态有影响,并因此影响繁殖。However, no teratogenic effects have been observed. 但是,没有观察到致畸作用。The results of mutagenicity studies have shown that thiocarbamates containing dichloroallyl groups are highly mutagenic. 致突变性研究的结果表明,含有二氯丙烯基团的硫代氨基甲酸盐具有高度致突变性。Some thiocarbamates are acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. 一些硫代氨基甲酸盐是乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂。Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. 急性暴露于胆碱酯酶抑制剂可能导致胆碱能危象,表现为严重的恶心/呕吐、流涎、出汗、心动过缓、低血压、虚脱和抽搐。Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. 肌肉无力可能会逐渐加重,如果呼吸肌受到影响,可能会导致死亡。
Triallate is mutagenic. Data concerning the effects of thiocarbamates on man are scarce. However, cases of irritation and sensitization have been observed among agricultural workers. Some thiocarbamates, e.g., molinate, have an effect on sperm morphology and, consequently, on reproduction. However, no teratogenic effects have been observed. The results of mutagenicity studies have shown that thiocarbamates containing dichloroallyl groups are highly mutagenic. Some thiocarbamates are acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
Single 500 mg/kg dose administered orally to rabbits was rapidly absorbed from GI tract; present in all organs tested; largest amount accumulated in liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen; all traces gone by 7th day. No traces of triallate detected in meat, eggs, or internal organs of hens fed 1/240 LD50 dose daily for 100 days. Sheep poisoned with 300 mg/kg had traces detected in meat 84 days later in cold storage.
Triallate isotopically labeled with (14)C and (13)C in the C-1-allylic carbon position was administered orally to male and female Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 5 and 500 mg/kg of body wt. Most of the dose was rapidly eliminated within 72 hr after administration, and dose recoveries averaged 92% and 96% for the low dose and high dose animals, respectively. Approximately 42-52% of the dose was excreted via the urine and 33-46% via the feces. Expired (14)CO2 accounted for approximately 4% of the dose, while the residual carcass at sacrifice contained approximately 2%. Radioactivity in blood was associated principally with hemoglobin. Kinetics for whole body elimination of radioactivity were consistent with a two compartment open model. The half life of the alpha phase varied from 5.9 to 22.8 hr, and that of the beta phase from 171 to 265 hr.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
另一种生产方法如下:将3 g氢氧化钠溶于20 mL水中,与5.5 g (98%)二异丙胺混合后冷却至0~5℃。在搅拌下通入氧硫化碳气体约3 g左右,产生大量结晶,保温反应后继续投入18 g (70%) 1,1',2,3-四氯丙烯,在0~65℃条件下反应6小时。冷却静置分层,将下层粗产品减压蒸馏除去低沸物后得到琥珀色黏稠状液体即为野麦畏。
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
[EN] 3-[(HYDRAZONO)METHYL]-N-(TETRAZOL-5-YL)-BENZAMIDE AND 3-[(HYDRAZONO)METHYL]-N-(1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL)-BENZAMIDE DERIVATIVES AS HERBICIDES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE 3-[(HYDRAZONO))MÉTHYL]-N-(TÉTRAZOL-5-YL)-BENZAMIDE ET DE 3-[(HYDRAZONO)MÉTHYL]-N-(1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL)-BENZAMIDE UTILISÉS EN TANT QU'HERBICIDES
申请人:SYNGENTA CROP PROTECTION AG
公开号:WO2021013969A1
公开(公告)日:2021-01-28
The present invention related to compounds of Formula (I): or an agronomically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Q, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as described herein. The invention further relates to compositions comprising said compounds, to methods of controlling weeds using said compositions, and to the use of compounds of Formula (I) as a herbicide.
[EN] INSECTICIDAL TRIAZINONE DERIVATIVES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE TRIAZINONE INSECTICIDES
申请人:SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG
公开号:WO2013079350A1
公开(公告)日:2013-06-06
Compounds of the formula (I) or (I'), wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, are useful as pesticides.
式(I)或(I')的化合物,其中取代基如权利要求1所定义的那样,可用作杀虫剂。
[EN] HERBICIDALLY ACTIVE HETEROARYL-S?BSTIT?TED CYCLIC DIONES OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF<br/>[FR] DIONES CYCLIQUES SUBSTITUÉES PAR HÉTÉROARYLE À ACTIVITÉ HERBICIDE OU DÉRIVÉS DE CELLES-CI
申请人:SYNGENTA LTD
公开号:WO2011012862A1
公开(公告)日:2011-02-03
The invention relates to a compound of formula (I), which is suitable for use as a herbicide wherein G is hydrogen or an agriculturally acceptable metal, sulfonium, ammonium or latentiating group; Q is a unsubstituted or substituted C3-C8 saturated or mono-unsaturated heterocyclyl containing at least one heteroatom selected from O, N and S, or Q is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; m is 1, 2 or 3; and Het is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaromatic ring; and wherein the compound is optionally an agronomically acceptable salt thereof.
Molecules having pesticidal utility, and intermediates, compositions, and processes, related thereto
申请人:Dow AgroSciences LLC
公开号:US20180279612A1
公开(公告)日:2018-10-04
This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes to produce such molecules, intermediates used in such processes, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions against such pests. These pesticidal compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematicides. This document discloses molecules having the following formula (“Formula One”).