Chlorothalonil appears as colorless crystals or granules or light gray powder. Melting point 250-251°C. No odor when pure; technical grade has a slightly pungent odor. A fungicide formulated as water-dispersible granules, wettable powder, or dust.
When yeast cells were exposed to TCIN, derivatives formed resembled those formed by reaction of glutathione with TCIN in vitro. Coenzyme A and 2-mercaptoethanol also ... formed derivatives with TCIN in vitro. Infrared spectra and chromatography of the 4 derivatives ... indicated ... 1-4 halogens ... substituted by 2-mercaptoethanol. ... Daconil decomposed in fresh rumen contents with production of two unidentified metabolites.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
在植物中,4-羟基-2,5,6-三氯异酞腈作为一种代谢物被发现。
In plants, 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile is found as a metabolite.
The metabolism of chlorothalonil was investigated in liver and gill cytosolic and microsomal fractions from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) using HPLC. All fractions catalyzed the metabolism of chlorothalonil to polar metabolites. Chlorothalonil metabolism by cytosolic fractions was reduced markedly when glutathione was omitted from the reaction mixtures. The lack of microsomal metabolism in the presence of either NADPH or an NADPH-regenerating system indicated direct glutathione S-transferase catalyzed conjugation with glutathione without prior oxidation by cytochrome P450. Cytosolic and microsomal glutathione S-transferases from both tissues were also active toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a commonly employed reference substrate. In summary, channel catfish detoxified chlorothalonil in vitro by glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed glutathione conjugation in the liver and gill. The present report is the first to confirm microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in gill and toward chlorothalonil in liver, and also of gill cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity towards chlorothalonil, in an aquatic species.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered, via oral gavage, (14)C-chlorothalonil (purity 99.7%) at a dose level of 200 mg/kg in order to isolate and identify the urinary metabolites. Urine was collected 17, 24 and 48 hr after dosing. Urinary metabolites accounted for 2.4% of the administered dose and, except for 30% of the radiolabel which was non-extractable from the urine, were found to be trimethylthiomonochloro-isophthalonitrile and dimethylthiodichloro-isophthalonitrile. These thiols were excreted in urine both as free thiols and as their methylated derivatives. ...A metabolic pathway /was suggested/ such that hepatic metabolism proceeds through conjugation with GSH followed by enzymatic degradation. The smaller conjugates are then transported via the bloodstream to the kidney, where they are converted to thiol metabolites and excreted in the urine.
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chlorothalonil forms colorless and odorless crystals in pure form. It is a substituted benzene fungicide used to control fungal diseases in vegetables, fruit, turf, and ornamental plants. Chlorothalonil is registered for use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Contact dermatitis was observed in a number of employees in a chlorothalonil manufacturing plant. There were 19 cases out of 103 employees. About 60% of the employees showed some kind of skin abnormality compared with 18.5% of employees not working with chlorothalonil. When the hygiene conditions of the plant were improved the overall proportion of skin abnormalities fell to about 20% and there were no cases of chlorothalonil contact dermatitis. One report concerned a Danish cabinet maker who developed dermatitis on his hands after 9 months of painting furniture with wood preservatives containing chlorothalonil. Another report referred to three cases: two with erythema on the face, particularly periorbitally, and one with eczema of the hands, in people engaged in similar work. Patients showed a positive reaction to patch tests with 0.01% chlorothalonil in acetone. Ocular exposures to chlorothalonil from employees at a packaging plant involved intense pain with mild to moderate conjunctivitis and irritation of the corneal surface. Ocular edema was also seen in more extensive exposures. With lesser exposures, complete recovery occurred within 24 hr. Recovery took slightly longer following extensive exposure. In no instance was corneal opacity observed. ANIMAL STUDIES: Instillation of chlorothalonil (96%) to rabbit eyes resulted in severe irritation with persistent corneal opacity, iris effects, and conjunctival irritation. In a carcinogenicity study in rats, chlorothalonil (98.1%) was administered in the diet up to 175 mg/kg/day for 116 weeks to males and 129 weeks to females. There were body weight decreases in both sexes at the high and mid doses. The non-glandular stomach was eroded and ulcerated. Histologically, there were compound-related effects on the kidneys, esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Chronic glomerulonephritis, hyperplasia of cortical tubules and pelvic/papillary epithelium tubular cysts, renal adenomas and carcinomas as well as stomach papillomas were present at all dose levels. Testing yielded negative results for chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induction in either rats or Chinese hamsters administered gavage doses up to 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 days or mice receiving 2500 mg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days. In inhalation studies assessing genotoxic potential of chlorothalonil drift in mice, no significant difference in DNA damage was observed between exposed and control animals. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: A larval rearing method was adapted to assess the chronic oral toxicity to honey bee larvae of the four most common pesticides detected in pollen and wax: fluvalinate, coumaphos, chlorothalonil, and chloropyrifos (tested alone and in all combinations). All pesticides at hive-residue levels triggered a significant increase in larval mortality compared to untreated larvae by over two fold, with a strong increase after 3 days of exposure. Among these four pesticides, honey bee larvae were most sensitive to chlorothalonil compared to adults. In an avian reproduction study using Mallard duck, reduction in eggshell thickness was seen at 100 ppm. At 250 ppm adult body weight, food consumption, and gonad development were affected, there were also effects on numbers of eggs laid, embryonic development, eggshell thickness, hatchability, and hatching survival. Worms reared in soil in which chlorothalonil had been incorporated (5 times the recommended application rate at 0.9 g in 4700 cu cm of soil) showed reduction in longevity of about 50% compared to controls after the beginning of treatment, and reproduction was virtually eliminated.
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类:B2组可能的人类致癌物
Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen
There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of chlorothalonil in humans. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chloroanothil. Overall evaluation: Chlorothalonil is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构致癌物:百菌清
IARC Carcinogenic Agent:Chlorothalonil
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Following administration of 1 mg/kg body weight (14)C chlorothalonil to male Sprague-Dawley rats by endotracheal instillation, gavage or dermal application, less than 6% of the administered dose was recovered in the blood or urine within 48 hr after dosing.
In rats, given a single, oral low dose (1.5mg/kg) of chlorothalonil, around 20-22% of the absorbed dose is excreted in bile and around 10% in urine. At higher dose (200 mg/kg) a considerably lower proportion (8%) of the absorbed dose is excreted in bile, indicating that this is a saturable process. These data indicate that overall absorption from the GI tract is in the order of 30-32% of the administered dose. The majority ... is excreted in feces with at least 80% of administered dose excreted by this route within 96 hr. Approximately 90% of the administered dose was excreted within 34-48 hr although excretion was less rapid at doses of 50 mg/kg and above. Highest tissue concentrations were observed in the kidney, approximately 0.1% of the dose. A similar metabolic profile was seen on repeated dosing and there was no evidence of bioaccumulation.
... Data for the monkey show that, following a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg, 1.8-4.15% of the dose appeared in urine with very low levels of thiol-derived metabolites appearing in urine. Fecal excretion predominated with around 92% of the dose eliminated via this route over 96 hr. Absorption and excretion were rapid and there was no evidence of bioaccumulation.
Low levels of /orally administered chlorothalonil to mouse/ were found in the tissues and urinary excretion indicated that at least 10% of the dose was absorbed with the majority (70-80%) of the dose excreted in feces.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Estimation of dioxin emission from fires in chemicals
摘要:
The formation of the 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs during combustion of selected chemicals were measured by high-resolution GC/MS. The 16 chemicals studied were commonly used chlorinated pesticides, industrial chemicals, and PVC. In a series of experiments carried out in a DIN 53,436 furnace, 2.5 g of these compounds were burned at 500 degrees C and 900 degrees C, respectively. The resultant yields ranged from 740 ng ITEQ/g for pentachlorophenol, to below 0.01 ng ITEQ/g for PVC and dichlobenil. The results show that some chemicals generate PCDD/F in very high possibly dangerous - amounts during burning, whereas others generate insignificant amounts. The influence of scale were studied for chlorobenzene and 4-chloro-3-nitro-benzoic acid in additional experiments, carried out in a cone calorimeter burning 20 g substance, and in ISO 9705 room test burning about 50 kg. A good agreement between the results for large and small scale indicated that formation of PCCD/F during a fire may be estimated from laboratory experiments. This suggest laboratory test may be used to screen for chemicals posing a hazard for release of PCDD/F during fires. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
[EN] SPIRO COMPOUND, AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR AND USE THEREOF [FR] COMPOSÉ SPIRO, SON PROCÉDÉ DE PRÉPARATION ET SON UTILISATION [ZH] 一种螺环化合物及其制备方法与应用
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
Novel processes for the preparation of adenosine compounds and intermediates thereto
申请人:——
公开号:US20030069423A1
公开(公告)日:2003-04-10
Novel processes for the preparation of adenosine compounds and intermediates thereto. The adenosine compounds prepared by the present processes may be useful as cardiovascular agents, more particularly as antihypertensive and anti-ischemic agents, as cardioprotective agents which ameliorate ischemic injury or myocardial infarct size consequent to myocardial ischemia, and as an antilipolytic agents which reduce plasma lipid levels, serum triglyceride levels, and plasma cholesterol levels. The present processes may offer improved yields, purity, ease of preparation and/or isolation of intermediates and final product, and more industrially useful reaction conditions and workability.
[EN] PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL AS INHIBITORS OF FAAH<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE PYRAZOLE UTILES COMME INHIBITEURS DE FAAH
申请人:MERCK & CO INC
公开号:WO2009151991A1
公开(公告)日:2009-12-17
The present invention is directed to certain imidazole derivatives which are useful as inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). The invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds as active ingredients and the use of the compounds and their formulations in the treatment of certain disorders, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, skeletomuscular pain, and fibromyalgia, as well as acute pain, migraine, sleep disorder, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson's disease
[EN] AN IMPROVED PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF LACOSAMIDE<br/>[FR] PROCÉDÉ AMÉLIORÉ DE PRÉPARATION DE LACOSAMIDE
申请人:UNICHEM LAB LTD
公开号:WO2018060781A1
公开(公告)日:2018-04-05
The present invention relates to an improved process for the synthesis of (R)- Lacosamide in which free base of O-methyl-N-benzyl-D-Serinamide is not isolated before acylation. The process avoids the use of column chromatography and chiral resolution for the preparation of different stages of Lacosamide.
Compositions for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Chronic Diseases
申请人:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
公开号:US20150231142A1
公开(公告)日:2015-08-20
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an inhibitor of epithelial sodium channel activity in combination with at least one ABC Transporter modulator compound of Formula A, Formula B, Formula C, or Formula D. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations thereof, and to methods of using such compositions in the treatment of CFTR mediated diseases, particularly cystic fibrosis using the pharmaceutical combination compositions.