Propachlor is rapidly metabolized. ... Most of the animal species studied metabolize propachlor through the mercapturic acid pathway (MAP). The intestinal microflora is involved in the metabolism of MAP intermediates ... . Metabolites of propachlor, in which chlorine from the parent compound (2-chloro- isopropylacetanilide) is removed by a nucleophilic displacement ... by a cysteine group or methylsulfonyl group (CH3SO2), are present in the urine of rats dosed orally with propachlor ... . It has been shown that a cysteine conjugate of propachlor is the source of sulfur in methylsulfonyl- containing metabolites, but that the carbon in the methylsulfonyl group does not come from the cysteine moiety. Propachlor is conjugated firstly with glutathione and the reaction is mediated by glutathione transferases. The glutathione conjugation provides a means for inactivation of reactive electrophiles. Glutathione conjugates have the required physico-chemical properties for biliary excretion and will generally be present, together with their catabolites cysteinyl-glycine, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine-mercapturic acid, in relatively high concentrations in the bile ... . After excretion with the bile, they are metabolized in the intestine where the C-S lyase present cleaves the cysteine conjugate, allowing further metabolism of sulfur to a methylsulfonyl-containing moiety ... . In germ-free rats ... and rats treated by antibiotics ... 14C was excreted from 14C-propachlor as MAP metabolites, but there were no methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites in urine. Inextractable residues were eliminated in the feces. This shows that MAP metabolites are available as substrates for the intestinal microflora. Of the MAP metabolites studied, the glutathione and cysteine conjugates are the best substrates both for production of 2-mercapto- N-isopropyl-acetanilide and for parallel formation of insoluble 14C residues ... which are excreted in the feces.
Three or more enterohepatic cycles for propachlor metabolism in normal rats have been described. In the first, propachlor is metabolized via the mercapturic acid pathway and the conjugates are excreted in the bile. The second cycle is initiated when the biliary mercapturic acid pathway metabolites are metabolized by microbial/intestinal C-S lyase into reabsorbable metabolites (possibly 2-mercapto- N-isopropylacetanilide). The reabsorbable metabolites are further metabolized to glucuronides by glucuronidase enzymes, and these are secreted with the bile. These biliary glucuronides subsequently initiate the third cycle in the enterohepatic circulation of propachlor metabolites. No doubt the intestinal microorganisms complicate the metabolism of propachlor (in comparison with the situation in germ-free and antibiotic-treated rats) and create new non-polar compounds from the products of the mercapturic acid pathway, which are reabsorbed into the blood. These new compounds have to be converted again into polar products in order to be excreted
... Propachlor is initially metabolized via the mercapturic acid pathway; the molecule is conjugated to glutathione and excreted in the bile along with the catabolites cysteinyl-glycine, cysteine, and N-acetylcysteine-mercapturic acid. The biliary mercapturic acid metabolites undergo deconjugation via intestinal/microbial carbon/sulfur (C-S) lyase activity and can be reabsorbed. The reabsorbed metabolites are subsequently glucuronidated and eliminated in the urine or bile. Glucuronides eliminated in the bile can undergo further enterohepatic recirculation. Elimination of propachlor is rapid; more than 90% of a single dose is excreted within 48 hr, primarily in the urine. ...
During 1st 6 to 24 hr, metabolism of propachlor was similar in corn seedlings & in excised leaves of corn, sorghum, sugarcane, & barley. ... rapidly metabolized to water-sol products by all tissues examined. Two compd were identified as glutathione & glutamylcysteine conjugates of propachlor.
Propachlor can be absorbed in mammals through the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as well as through the skin. It does not accumulate in the body, since it is rapidly metabolized through the mercapturic acid pathway (MAP). Cysteine conjugates are formed by glutathione conjugation and this conjugate has been proposed as an intermediate in the metabolic formation of mercapturic acid conjugation. It has been shown that a cysteine conjugate of propachlor is the source of sulfur in methylsulfonyl- containing metabolites, but that the carbon in the methylsulfonyl group does not come from the cysteine moiety. Propachlor is conjugated firstly with glutathione and the reaction is mediated by glutathione transferases. The glutathione conjugation provides a means for inactivation of reactive electrophiles. Glutathione conjugates have the required physico-chemical properties for biliary excretion and will generally be present, together with their catabolites cysteinyl-glycine, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine-mercapturic acid, in relatively high concentrations in the bile. After excretion with the bile, they are metabolized in the intestine where the C-S lyase present cleaves the cysteine conjugate, allowing further metabolism of sulfur to a methylsulfonyl-containing moiety. Eleven urinary metabolites, six of which are 2-methylsulfonylacetanalides have been isolated. The major fecal metabolite is identified as the cysteine conjugate. (L904, L905, L906)
Propachlor can be absorbed into mammals through the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract as well as through the skin. It does not accumulate in the body. After 48 hr it is not detectable in the organism. Most animal species (rats, pigs, chickens) metabolize propachlor through the mercapturic acid pathway. Cysteine conjugates are formed by glutathione conjugations and this conjugate has been proposed as an intermediate in the metabolic formation of mercapturic acids. Bacterial C-S lyase participates in the further metabolism of the cysteine conjugate of propachlor and in the formation of the final methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites, which are mainly excreted in the urine ... and insoluble residues, which are excreted in the feces ... The propachlor C-S lyase is not active in germ-free rats. Studies showed some differences in metabolism between the rat and pig. The bile is the major route of elimination of /mercapturic acid pathway/ metabolites in the rat, but it has been proved that an extrabiliary route of metabolism exists in the pig. Metabolic studies on calves showed that they may be unable to form mercapturic acids from glutathione conjugates, which may make them more susceptible to poisoning. ... Signs of acute intoxication /in laboratory animals/ are predominantly central nervous system effects (excitement and convulsion followed by depression). ... Propachlor caused severe irritation effects on eyes and skin. Propachlor has been tested in short- and long-term exposure studies on rats, mice and dogs. The liver and kidneys are the target organs. ... Propachlor was not found to be carcinogenic in mice and rats. ... The experimental data available provide insufficient evidence of the mutagenic potential. When tested as a single dose ... in rats and mice, propachlor showed positive evidence of embryotoxicity. Embryotoxic effects were also observed in repeated dose regimens. ... However, in another rat study ... no embryotoxicity was observed. ... In a two-generation reproduction study, there was no definite evidence of adverse effects. A few cases of contact and allergic dermatitis of farmers and production workers exposed to propachlor ... have been reported. ... There have been no reports of symptoms or diseases either among occupationally exposed humans or the general population, other than the few reports of its effects on the skin of occupationally exposed workers. ... In studies on soil microorganisms, nitrifying bacteria were the most sensitive group to the inhibitory effects of propachlor ... Cellulose-decomposing bacteria were the least sensitive. High adsorption to clay particles in soil and high temperatures both reduce the inhibitory effects. ... Propachlor is considered to be moderately to highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Propachlor is not toxic to earthworms at exposure concentrations in soil expected from normal use ... Propachlor will not pose a hazard to /bees/. Some beneficial parasitic insects have been reported to be adversely affected by propachlor in laboratory and field studies. Propachlor is more toxic to birds when administered via the stomach than when fed in the diet. ... Propachlor does not pose a hazard to birds in the field, even with the granular formulation.
Propachlor poisoning causes an induction of microsomal hepatic UDPGT activity, which produces increased clearance of thyroid hormone, T4. Decreased levels of T4 would result in increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Increased levels of TSH would result in the hyperplastic and eventually tumorigenic response of the thyroid. Propachlor metabolites also bind to nAChRs in the nervous system and cause endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (T10, A570, T152)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类:可能对人类致癌
Cancer Classification: Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans
Propachlor may be absorbed through the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as well as through the skin. Following a single oral administration in mammals, it is rapidly taken up into the blood and internal organs, reaching its maximum blood concentration in 1 hr. After 48 h it is no longer detectable in the organs ... . An estimated 68% of a single 10 mg dose of ring-labelled 14C-propachlor administered to 12 rats was recovered in urine 56 hr later. These results are supported by those of other studies in which 54-64% ... and 68.8% ... of the administered dose was recovered in urine 24 hr and 48 hr after dose administration, respectively.
... A study using six anesthetized 2- to 21-day-old male Guernsey calves weighing 28 to 61 kg /was conducted/ in which either the left kidney was perfused (via the left renal artery) or the left ureter was perfused with metabolites of propachlor. The glutathione conjugate of propachlor (2- S-glutathionyl- N-acetyl-acetanilide) was metabolized in both kidney and ureter to the cysteine conjugate. When the mercapturic acid conjugate of propachlor was presented to the kidney, it was eliminated in urine. First-pass metabolism and elimination of the glutathione conjugate by the kidney was 16% of the dose, whereas first-pass elimination of the mercapturic acid was 33%. Absorption of the glutathione conjugate of propachlor or its metabolites, or of glycine by the ureter was nil. The cattle may be unable to form mercapturic acids from glutathione conjugates of some xenobiotics, which may result in their being more easily poisoned by these xenobiotics than chickens, pigs and rats.
When 14C-propachlor was given to rats, 56-64% of the dose was excreted in urine in the first 24 hr and 5.7-7.0% in 24-48 hr. In the feces, 8-13% and 2.2-7.7% were eliminated in 0-24 hr and 24-48 hr, respectively; 0.4% of the 14C was eliminated as CO2 and 5-11% was in the carcass. In total 80-97% was eliminated in 48 hr.
...The metabolites of propachlor formed in normal rats treated with propachlor are excreted mainly through urine (68%) and feces (19%). Eleven urinary metabolites were isolated from rats given 14C-labelled propachlor orally. The major metabolite was the mercapturate (17%), and six of the metabolites were 2-methylsulfonylacetanilides. Fecal residues (19%) of the administered dose, insoluble in common solvents or by treatment with diluted acid or base, were also determined. Rats with cannulated bile ducts secreted 66% of an oral dose of propachlor in the bile as the glutathione conjugate, cysteine conjugate, mercapturate and the mercapturate sulfoxide. Germ-free rats given orally 14C-labelled propachlor excreted 98% of the dose in the urine and feces within 48 hr. Three metabolites were isolated from the excreta and the fecal radioactive metabolites were water soluble. The major metabolite was mercapturate and the other metabolites were the cysteine conjugate (present only in the feces) and mercapturate sulfoxide ... . Mercapturate sulfoxide was isolated from the excreta of germ-free rats ... /and/ ... presence in the bile of rats and urine of chickens and pigs dosed with propachlor /was also demonstrated/. ... As in the case of the glutathione and cysteine conjugates, the sulfoxide is not excreted at detectable levels by normal rats and was detected only in the bile ... . It may become a substrate for the intestinal flora, but the ultimate in vivo fate of this metabolite is unknown. ...Differences between some species /were reported/ concerning the metabolism of propachlor in the MAP. Clear but unexplained differences are that rats excrete no cysteine conjugate and chickens form no methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites, whereas sheep excrete large amounts of cysteine conjugate in urine.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
[EN] 3-[(HYDRAZONO)METHYL]-N-(TETRAZOL-5-YL)-BENZAMIDE AND 3-[(HYDRAZONO)METHYL]-N-(1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL)-BENZAMIDE DERIVATIVES AS HERBICIDES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE 3-[(HYDRAZONO))MÉTHYL]-N-(TÉTRAZOL-5-YL)-BENZAMIDE ET DE 3-[(HYDRAZONO)MÉTHYL]-N-(1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL)-BENZAMIDE UTILISÉS EN TANT QU'HERBICIDES
申请人:SYNGENTA CROP PROTECTION AG
公开号:WO2021013969A1
公开(公告)日:2021-01-28
The present invention related to compounds of Formula (I): or an agronomically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Q, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as described herein. The invention further relates to compositions comprising said compounds, to methods of controlling weeds using said compositions, and to the use of compounds of Formula (I) as a herbicide.
[EN] HERBICIDALLY ACTIVE HETEROARYL-S?BSTIT?TED CYCLIC DIONES OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF<br/>[FR] DIONES CYCLIQUES SUBSTITUÉES PAR HÉTÉROARYLE À ACTIVITÉ HERBICIDE OU DÉRIVÉS DE CELLES-CI
申请人:SYNGENTA LTD
公开号:WO2011012862A1
公开(公告)日:2011-02-03
The invention relates to a compound of formula (I), which is suitable for use as a herbicide wherein G is hydrogen or an agriculturally acceptable metal, sulfonium, ammonium or latentiating group; Q is a unsubstituted or substituted C3-C8 saturated or mono-unsaturated heterocyclyl containing at least one heteroatom selected from O, N and S, or Q is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; m is 1, 2 or 3; and Het is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaromatic ring; and wherein the compound is optionally an agronomically acceptable salt thereof.
The present invention provides triazole compounds useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.