Diethyltoluamide (DEET) is metabolized in humans by cytochrome P450 enzymes into the primary metabolites N,N-diethyl-m-hydroxymethylbenzamide (BALC) and Nethyl-m-toluamide (ET). Although several P450 isoenzymes have elicited activity in DEET metabolism, it appears that the CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 enzymes are the principal P450s responsible for the transformation of DEET to BALC and ET, respectively. Most of the body load is metabolized by such hepatic P450 enzymes, with only 10%–14% recovered unchanged in the urine.
DEET is metabolized by hepatic microsomes via oxidation, hydroxylation, dealkylation, and glucuronidation. Within 12 hours of application, the majority of DEET is excreted in the urine, mainly as metabolites. The amount of the parent compound excreted probably depends on the applied dose. Skin and fatty tissues may serve as a reservoir for DEET after repeated excessive dermal applications.
Urinary metabolites of DEET of 17 children (5-7 years of age) and 9 adults (23-25 years of age) were examined in the study described in this article. Urine samples were collected from each subject within eight hours after a single dermal application of 10 mL 12% DEET-containing insect repellent. Two metabolites, m-diethylaminocarbonyl benzoic acid (R3N0) and N-ethyl-m-toluamide (RON1), with unchanged DEET, were identified in the urine. The major metabolite was R3NO, which was 78.2% and 46.1% of the total DEET metabolites from children and adults, respectively, indicating that the pathway of ring methyl oxidation predominated. The recovered DEET metabolites were observed significantly more from children (1,116 pg) than from adults (446.2 pg) (p < .001). The difference in dermal absorption, albeit primarily attributed to DEET loading, was found to be related to height by regression analysis. The inverse association between height and dermal absorption of DEET suggests that shorter individuals (i.e., children) are subjected to dermal uptake of DEET. To avoid unnecessary exposure, parents need to be cautious when applying DEET-containing insect repellent on children.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
DEET分子中苄基部分的氧化和侧链的羟基化在人体中似乎是主要的代谢途径。
Oxidation of the benzylic moiety and hydroxylation of side-chain of DEET molecules appeared to be predominant routes of metabolism in man.
DEET has known human metabolites that include N-ethyl-m-toluamide, acetaldehyde, N,N-diethyl-m-hydroxymethylbenzamide, and N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbenzamide.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: DEET is nearly colorless to amber-like liquid. It is broad-spectrum insect repellant registered for use on the human body, clothing, and on horses to repel biting flies, biting midges, black flies, chiggers, deer flies, fleas, gnats, horse flies, mosquitoes, no-see-ums, sand flies, stable flies, and ticks. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Most reports of adverse events following DEET exposure are skin-related findings. These include mild skin irritation, contact dermatitis, exacerbation of preexisting skin disease as well as generalized urticaria. DEET is very irritating to the eyes but not corrosive. Serious adverse cutaneous effects have occurred in tropical conditions, when applied to areas of skin that were occluded during sleep (mainly the antecubital and popliteal fossae). Under these conditions, the skin became red and tender and then exhibited blistering and erosion, leaving painful, weeping, denuded areas that were slow to heal. Severe scarring occasionally resulted from some of these severe reactions. Toxic encephalopathic reactions have been reported in rare instances following ingestion or dermal application. Manifestations of toxic encephalopathy have been headache, restlessness, irritability, ataxia, rapid loss of consciousness, hypotension and seizures. Some cases have shown flaccid paralysis and areflexia. Deaths have occurred following very large doses. Human primary nasal mucosa cells were exposed to 0.5-1.0 mM concentrations of DEET for 60 min. Genotoxic effects were detected by the alkaline microgel electrophoresis assay ("comet assay"). No significant cytotoxic effects were observed, but DEET showed a significant genotoxic response. ANIMAL STUDIES: Application of pure DEET to rabbit eyes has caused edema of the conjunctiva, lacrimation, discharge, and slight transient cloudiness of the corneas. Injury of the epithelium, indicated by staining with fluorescein, persisted for two days, but the eyes returned to normal in five days. DEET was applied to the shaven backs ot castrated rats at dose levels of 0 or 1000 mg/kg/day. In addition, noncastrated rats were administered DEET dermally at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg/day. Microscopic examination of the kidney revealed renal lesions in DEET-treated rats, These lesions included hyaline and granular cast formation, chronic inflammation, regenerative tubular epithelium, and hyaline droplets. The incidence and severity of these lesions was greater in the noncastrated treated group. Immunocytochemical techniques confirmed the presence of hyaline droplets containing alpha2 microglobulin in the kidneys of the noncastrated and castrated treated animals, but not in controls. In dogs, emesis, ptyalism, abnormal biting and scratching, and abnormal head movements were observed. Ataxia and ptosis also were observed in some dogs. In addition, convulsions were observed in a male dog. Clinical signs occurred shortly after dosing, after which recovery was observed. In developmental study in rats, DEET produced maternal toxicity in the form of mortality, decreased body weights, decreased food consumption, hypoactivity, ataxia, prostration, unkempt appearance, urine stains, and perioral wetness at 1000 mg/kg/day. No maternal effects were observed at levels below 1000 mg/kg/day and no evidence of developmental toxicity was observed at any dose. Five strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, were used for a genotoxicity assay with and without metabolic activation. The concentrations of DEET evaluated in these studies ranged from 278 to 8333 ug/plate. Mutagenic frequency did not increase in any of the tester strains. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Fish (common carp) were exposed for 28 days to three concentrations of DEET (1.0 ug/L, 0.1 mg/L, and 1.0 mg/L) where 1 ug/L is corresponding to the concentration found in the environment. DEET had a significant effect on increased RBC, decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin value (MCH) compared to control groups in the concentration of 1 mg/L. A significant decline in triacylglycerols in plasma was found in the concentration of 1 mg/L compared to the control groups.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类:D组 不可归类为人类致癌性
Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:No information is available on the clinical use of diethyltoluamide (DEET) during breastfeeding. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency consider DEET to be safe and effective during breastfeeding when used as directed. It should be used by breastfeeding women to avoid exposure to mosquito-borne viruses. Avoid application directly to the nipple and other areas where the infant might directly ingest the product.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:No information is available on the clinical use of icaridin (picaridin) during breastfeeding. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency consider icaridin to be safe and effective during breastfeeding when used as directed. It should be used by breastfeeding women to avoid exposure to mosquito-borne viruses.[1] Avoid application directly to the nipple and other areas where the infant might directly ingest the product.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
Most diethyltoluamide (DEET) formulations employ the agent as a liquid to be applied onto human skin in an effort to repel mosquitoes from feeding on the skin. Topical application and absorption is consequently the most common route of absorption. When used appropriately, DEET formulations are generally not indicated for too many other routes of absorption or administration, like parenterally or orally. DEET is absorbed quickly through intact skin; 48% of the applied dose is totally absorbed within 6 hours. Topical absorption is the usual route of entry as DEET is normally applied to the skin as a mosquito repellent. DEET applied to the skin has also been shown to accumulate in the dermis. DEET is rapidly absorbed after oral ingestion. Additionally, animal experiments demonstrate that DEET can cross the placenta. DEET is efficiently absorbed across the skin and by the gut. Blood concentrations of about 3 mg/L have been reported several hours after dermal application in the prescribed fashion. Between 9% and 56% of dermally applied DEET is absorbed through the skin with peak blood levels being attained within 1 hour. Absorption through the skin varies according to the site exposed to the DEET. In animal model surfaces corresponding to the human palmar surface (an area that is typically heavily exposed during the application of liquid DEET), 68% of administered topical DEET was absorbed. As a consequence, small children are at increased risk of excessive absorption of DEET applied to the skin because of their relatively higher surface to volume ratio compared to adults.
Diethyltoluamide (DEET) is principally excreted via the kidneys, where the initial phase is initially rapid but not more than 50% of the absorbed dose is excreted during the first 5 days. In a study with a human volunteer weighing 65.8 kg and having been treated with 15 g of 95% DEET, urinary levels of DEET and a metabolite were measurable 4 hours after the initial exposure and persisted 48 hours later. Maximum urinary levels of DEET observed were 207 mg/L at 8 hours.
After dermal application, about 17% of the absorbed diethyltoluamide (DEET) dose enters the bloodstream. DEET accumulates in the skin, contributing to local irritation and possibly even bullous dermatitis. Accumulation within the body, however, has not been reported and experimentally there have been no cumulative effects of subtoxic doses of DEET; but various case reports of toxicity in man suggests that accumulation of the repellent could occur, and with deleterious effects.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
清除
关于二乙基甲苯酰胺(DEET)清除的数据并不容易获得。
Readily accessible data regarding the clearance of diethyltoluamide (DEET) is not available.
... DEET crossed the placenta and was detected in 8% (95% confidence interval = 2.6-18.2) of cord blood samples from a randomly selected subgroup of DEET users (n = 50). ...
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
[EN] BICYCLYL-SUBSTITUTED ISOTHIAZOLINE COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS ISOTHIAZOLINE SUBSTITUÉS PAR UN BICYCLYLE
申请人:BASF SE
公开号:WO2014206910A1
公开(公告)日:2014-12-31
The present invention relates to bicyclyl-substituted isothiazoline compounds of formula (I) wherein the variables are as defined in the claims and description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.
The present invention relates to azoline compounds of formula (I) wherein A, B1, B2, B3, G1, G2, X1, R1, R3a, R3b, Rg1 and Rg2 are as defined in the claims and the description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.
The nickel-catalyzed reductive cleavage of esters in the absence of an external reductant, which involves the cleavage of an inert acyl C–O bond in O-alkyl esters is reported.