Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor
Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.
Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to ... thallium /and thallium/ compounds at potentially hazardous levels: Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the eyes, nervous system, lung, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and body hair should be stressed. Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has been observed in humans exposed to thallium, a urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination/ on centrifuged sediment. Periodic Medical Examination: These medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis. /Thallium and thallium compounds/
A 26 year old man who ingested 10 g of thallous malonate was treated by gastric lavage and combined hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. At a blood flow of 100 ml/min, the average of thallium clearance values obtained by combined hemoperfusion and hemodialysis at two different times were 50.2 and 60.4 ml/min. Forty hours after ingestion, he died of cardiac failure. A higher concentration of thallium was found in the heart than in other organs, suggesting that the heart is the main target of thallium in the early stage of acute poisoning.
MONOVALENT THALLIUM SALTS ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED, CHEMICALLY & TOXICOLOGICALLY, TO DIVALENT LEAD, ALTHOUGH ACUTE TOXICITY OF THALLIUM CMPD IS MUCH HIGHER. /MONOVALENT THALLIUM SALTS/
The distribution and elimination patterns of thallous malonate were studied and compared to those of thallous sulfate. Male Syrian golden hamsters were divided into 3 groups. The first group (control) received distilled water. Animals in group 2 received either a single oral dose or an ip dose of 12.5 mg/kg of thallous malonate. The third group of animals received either a single oral dose or an ip dose of 12.35 mg/kg of thallous sulfate. By 1 hour after thallous malonate adminstration, thallium was detected in all organs. Thallium was detected only in the heart, liver and kidney in the group given thallous sulfate. By 12 hours the maximum values, except for muscle and testes, were observed in both treated groups, and the distribution patterns were similar. At this time, although the thallium concentration in the brain was less than in the other organs, thallium was rapidly deposited in the brain in both treated groups. The liver, heart, kidney and whole blood had short half-lives in the alpha phase. The beta phase in these tissues and in the brain, muscle and testes had long half lives, indicating that thallium disappeared slowly from organs. In the group receiving oral thallous malonate the urinary elmination rate constant was 0.175/day, and the fecal rate was 0.500. In the group receiving thallous malonate ip the urinary elimination rate constant was 0.086, and the fecal rate was 0.081. The urinary elimination rate constant in animals treated orally with thallous sulfate was 0.073 and the fecal rate was 0.054. Ip treatment with thallous sulfate resulted in a urinary elimination rate of 0.063 and fecal rate of 0.084. It was concluded that thallous malonate, an organic thallium compound, showed slightly higher elimination rate constants but similar toxicity and distribution patterns to thallous sulfate, an inorganic thallium compound.
In acute thallium poisoning, human brain areas densely populated with neurons were found to accumulate thallium more than other areas, and the gray matter contained higher thallium levels than nonneural tissues. /Soluble thallium cmpd/
