Though tin metal is very poorly absorbed, tin compounds may be absorbed via oral, inhalation, or dermal routes, with organotin compounds being much more readily absorbed than inorganic tin compounds. Tin may enter the bloodstream and bind to hemoglobin, where it is distributed and accumulates mainly in the kidney, liver, lung, and bone. Organotin compounds may undergo dealkylation, hydroxylation, dearylation, and oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver. The alkyl products of dealkylation are conjugated with glutathione and further metabolized to mercapturic acid derivatives. Tin and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and feces. Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626, L308)
Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543, L308, A182, A184)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with organotins, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work, causing death in severe cases. Organic tin compounds may also damage the immune and reproductive system. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627, L307, L308)
Inorganic or organic tin compounds placed on the skin or in the eyes can produce skin and eye irritation. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627, L308)
Facile pyramidal inversion at phosphorus in [R3EP7W(CO)3]2− type complexes: An EXSY NMR study
作者：Banu Kesanli、Sundeep P. Mattamana、Janet Danis、Bryan Eichhorn
DOI：10.1016/j.ica.2005.03.008
日期：2005.7
selected ESI-MS studies. All compounds undergo rapid inversion at the ER3-bound phosphorus atom. The barriers to inversion were measured by way of 2D 31P EXSY experiments at various temperatures. The analysis showed very low barriers to pyramidalinversion (ΔG‡ 10.3–13.5 kcal/mol) that were essentially enthalpic in origin. The activation barriers generally increased with increasing electronegativity
作者：Marc B. Taraban、Alexander I. Kruppa、Vladimir I. Rakhlin、Stanislav I. Grigor'ev、Olga S. Volkova、Rudolph G. Mirskov、Tatyana V. Leshina
DOI：10.1016/s0022-328x(01)00812-9
日期：2001.11
It has been shown, on the basis of the analysis of CIDNP effects, that allene and (Me3Si)2NH — major products of the photoinduced reaction of Et3SnCH2CHCH2 and (Me3Si)2NBr — result from a radicalpair comprised of CH2CHBrCH2SnEt3 and N(SiMe3)2 free radicals. Allene is formed through the β-cleavage of the short-lived homolytic substitution product Et3SnCH2CBrCH2.
Compounds of formula I : and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, wherein Ar and R are as defined in the specification, compositions containing such compounds and the use of such compounds and compositions for use in therapy.
Reactivity of main-group–transition-metal bonds. Part 8. The kinetics of mercuration of compounds containing Group 4B elements bonded to manganese, iron, and molybdenum: effects of structure on reactivity
作者：John R. Chipperfield、Andy C. Hayter、David E. Webster
DOI：10.1039/dt9770000921
日期：——
The kinetics of cleavage by HgBr2 of the main-group–transition-metal bonds in the following compounds are reported: [Mn(CO)5(MR3)](M = Sn, R = Et, Bun, or C6H11; M = Si or Ge, R = Me); [Fe(cp)(CO)2(MR3)](M = Sn, R = Bun or C6H11; M = Si or Ge, R = Me; cp =η-cyclopentadienyl); and [Mo(cp)(CO)3(SnBun3)Bun3]. The structure–reactivity patterns indicate that mercuration involves an SE2(open) transition
据报道，以下化合物中HgBr 2的主-过渡金属键裂解的动力学：[Mn（CO）5（MR 3）]（M = Sn，R = Et，Bu n或C 6 H 11； M = Si或Ge，R = Me）；[Fe（cp）（CO）2（MR 3）]（M ＝ Sn，R ＝ Bu n或C 6 H 11； M ＝ Si或Ge，R ＝ Me； cp ＝η-环戊二烯基）；和[Fe（cp）（CO）2（MR 3）] 。和[Mo（cp）（CO）3（SnBu n 3）Bu n 3 ]。结构-反应模式表明汞离子涉及一个S E 2（开放）过渡态。汞（II）溴化物不会裂解[Mn（CO）5（SnPh 3）]或[Fe（cp）（CO）2（SnPh 3）]中的锡-过渡金属键，但会裂解这些化合物中的苯基-锡键。
Mécanismes de rupture de la liaison carbone-ðain par les halogens I. Substitution électrophile sur carbone saturé
作者：S Boué、M Gielen、J Nasielski
DOI：10.1016/s0022-328x(00)91016-7
日期：1967.9
polarisability and the nucleophilicity of the solvent. These three aspects of solvent action are relatd to the ability of tin to make use of its empty 5d orbitals: the «Sn polarisation, enhanced by the pentaco-ordination of the metal, governs the reactivity of the alkyl groups attached to it, appropriate attention being given to the incursion of steric effects.
