Sulfur hexafluoride appears as a colorless odorless gas. Noncombustible. Shipped as a liquefied gas under own vapor pressure. Contact may cause frostbite. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.
颜色/状态:
Colorless gas [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Condenses directly to a solid upon cooling].
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless gas. SF6 is used in several industrial applications. The insulation of electrical equipment, the magnesium casting processes and the semiconductor manufacturing are the main applications. Beside the industrial applications, SF6 is used in medical applications as an ultrasound contrast agent and as a tamponade gas in ophthalmology. It has been identified as one of the greehouse gases. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: SF6 is a simple asphyxiant. its chemical inertness and its very low accumulation potential support the low concern for the toxicity of this substance. The possible formation of highly toxic breakdown products may occur when SF6 is subjected to high stress conditions; in particular electrical discharges occurring in the gas-insulated equipment may promote the formation of highly reactive species of toxicological concern. The degeneration products can be toxic, causing nausea and vomiting, pulmonary symptoms, and transient atelectasis. It may be contaminated with other fluorides of sulfur, such as sulfur pentafluoride and disulfur decafluoride, which are extremely toxic and are respiratory irritants. Inhaled as a mixture of 80% with 20% oxygen, it produces tingling, excitement, and altered hearing and is a mild anesthetic. Impairments of psychomotor, perceptual, and cognitive abilities were determined in nine male subjects exposed to inhaled SF6. In the clinical trials of SF6- based contrast agent Lumason, serious adverse reactions were observed in 2 subjects; one who experienced a hypersensitivity-type rash and near syncope symptoms and another who experienced anaphylactic shock shortly following Lumason administration. Other adverse events for European SF6-based contrast agent SonoVue included severe hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac arrest and acute myocardial infarction. Three fatalities occured in patients with pre-existing, severe coronary artery disease. No evidence of genotoxicity was found in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration assay. European contrast agent Sonovue was not clastogenic in human lymphocytes in vitro. ANIMAL STUDIES: Commercial grade sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) showed no cytotoxicity in hamster lung cells (V-79) even after an exposure of 24-48 hr to a 95% SF6-5% air mixture. Sparked sulfur hexafluoride exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect and 1 hr of exposure killed 74% cells. The cytotoxicity increased with time of exposure and varied with the spark energy. In a 4 week study in rats cecitis, colitis, cecum erosion and ulcers were observed. The effects were reversible within 14 days after treatment cessation. Colon erosion was observed in one animal. These toxic effects were not observed in a confirmatory study in rats and in a similar study in cynomolgous monkeys. No impairment of fertility was observed in rats receiving SF6-based contrast agent Lumason at doses up to 8 times the human dose based on body surface area. No evidence of genotoxicity was found in the following studies conducted with Lumason: a bacterial mutagenesis (Ames) assay, and an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Similarly, Sonovue was neither mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium nor in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: SF6 has been identified as a potent greenhouse gas.
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:No published experience exists with sulfur hexafluoride during breastfeeding. Because the half-life of the agent is about 10 minutes and absorption of the drug by the infant is unlikely. If sulfur hexafluoride is required by the mother, it is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. Because of the lack of information, the American College of Radiology states that temporary (~24 hours) pumping and discarding of milk may be considered.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
毒理性
暴露途径
吸入
inhalation
来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The pharmacokinetic of the SF6 gas component of Lumason was evaluated in 12 healthy adult subjects (7 men and 5 women). After intravenous bolus injections of 0.03 mL/kg and 0.3 mL/kg of Lumason, corresponding to approximately 1 and 10 times the recommended doses, concentrations of SF6 in blood peaked within 1 to 2 minutes for both doses.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
消除途径
Lumason的SF6成分通过肺部消除。
The SF6 component of Lumason is eliminated via the lungs.
In a study of healthy subjects, the mean values for the apparent steady-state volume of distribution of SF6 were 341 L and 710 L for Lumason doses of 0.03 mL/kg and 0.3 mL/kg, respectively. Preferential distribution to the lung is likely responsible for these values.
SonoVue, is a new echo contrast agent based on stabilized sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) microbubbles ... The blood kinetics and pulmonary elimination of SF6 after intravenous bolus injection of two dosage levels (0.03 and 0.3 mL/kg) of SonoVue were evaluated in 12 healthy subjects (7 men, 5 women). In addition, safety and tolerability were evaluated by monitoring vital signs, adverse effects, discomfort, and physical examination and laboratory parameters associated with the SonoVue injection. The blood kinetics of SF6 was not dose dependent. SF6 was rapidly removed from the blood by the pulmonary route, with 40% to 50% of the injected dose eliminated within the first minute after administration and 80% to 90% eliminated by 11 minutes after administration; the elimination was similar in men and women and independent of dose. Both dosages were well tolerated. No adverse effects were observed immediately or during the 24-hour follow-up period. ... The route of SF6 elimination was by means of the lungs in the expired air. ...
Sonovue (trade mark) is a new echo contrast agent made of microbubbles stabilized by phospholipids and containing sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), an innocuous gas. ... With regard to the gas contained in the bubbles, its pharmacokinetics have been assessed during a study in human volunteers. Following intravenous administration of 0.3 mL/kg of SonoVue (trade mark) (i.e., approximately ten times the imaging dose), the blood level curve showed a distribution half-life of about 1 minute and an elimination half-life of about 6 minutes. More than 80% of the administered gas is exhaled via the lungs after 11 minutes. ...
作者:Norman Lu、Joseph S. Thrasher、Stefan von Ahsen、Helge Willner、Drahomir Hnyk、Heinz Oberhammer
DOI:10.1021/ic0516212
日期:2006.2.1
The synthesis of pentafluoronitrosulfane, SF5NO2, is accomplished either by reacting N(SF5)3 with NO2 or by the photolysis of a SF5Br/NO2 mixture using diazo lamps. The product is purified by treatment with CsF and repeated trap-to-trap condensation. The solid compound melts at -78 degrees C, and the extrapolated boiling point is 9 degrees C. SF5NO2 is characterized by 19F, 15N NMR, IR, Raman, and
SF and SC Activation of SF<sub>6</sub>and SF<sub>5</sub>Derivatives at Rhodium: Conversion of SF<sub>6</sub>into H<sub>2</sub>S
作者:Lada Zámostná、Thomas Braun、Beatrice Braun
DOI:10.1002/anie.201308254
日期:2014.3.3
SF6 and SF5 organyls by SF and SC bond‐activation reactions at [Rh(μ‐H)(dippp)}2] under mild conditions is reported. Fluorido and thiolato species were identified as products or intermediates, and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. An unprecedented cyclic process for the conversion of the potent greenhouse gas SF6 into H2S was developed.
The activation of SF6 at [Pt(PR3)2] R=Cy, iPr complexes in the presence of PR3 led selectively and in an unprecedented reaction route to the generation of the SF3 complexes trans‐[Pt(F)(SF3)(PR3)2]. These can also be synthesized from SF4 and the SF2 derivative trans‐[Pt(F)(SF2)(PCy3)2][BF4] was characterized by X‐ray crystallography. trans‐[Pt(F)(SF3)(PR3)2] complexes are useful tools for deoxyfluorination
Use of SF 6 for the production of electrophilic 18 F-fluorination reagents
作者:Anna Krzyczmonik、Thomas Keller、Anna K. Kirjavainen、Salla Lahdenpohja、Sarita Forsback、Olof Solin
DOI:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.10.010
日期:2017.12
out in two different matrix gases: Ne and Xe. The electrophilic 18F-fluorination reagent produced was used for the labelling of two model compounds (6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA and [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate)) in order to prove its feasibility. This proof-of-concept study showed that SF6 in Xe can be used in place of F2 for the production of electrophilic [18F]F2 gas. When SF6 in Ne was used only trace amounts
作者:Simon Petrie、Colin G. Freeman、Michael Meot-Ner、Murray J. McEwan、Eldon E. Ferguson
DOI:10.1021/ja00176a006
日期:1990.9
room temperature selected ion flow tube study of reactions of HCN + and HNC + . Electron impact on HCN was found to produce a mixture of HCN + and HNC + isomers. HCN + was found to be isomerized efficiently to HNC + by reaction with CO or with CO 2 , and isomerization is expected to occur for any other species M having a proton affinity PA(CN at C)
我们报告了室温选择离子流管研究 HCN + 和 HNC + 反应的结果。发现对 HCN 的电子撞击会产生 HCN + 和 HNC + 异构体的混合物。发现 HCN + 通过与 CO 或与 CO 2 反应可有效异构化为 HNC + ,并且对于具有质子亲和力 PA(CN at C) 的任何其他物质 M 预计会发生异构化