Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers, Diaryl Thioethers, and Diarylamines Mediated by Potassium Fluoride−Alumina and 18-Crown-6: Expansion of Scope and Utility1
摘要:
An efficient alternative to the Ullmann ether synthesis of diaryl ethers, diaryl thioethers, and diarylamines involving the SNAr addition of a phenol, thiophenol, or aniline to an appropriate aryl halide, mediated by potassium-fluoride alumina and 18-crown-6 in acetonitrile or DMSO, is described. Expansion of the reaction conditions to include DMSO as solvent has resulted in a far greater range of substitution patterns permitted on the electrophile. For example, it was found that electronically unfavorable S-chlorobenzonitrile could be condensed with 3-methoxyphenol to form the corresponding diaryl ether in 66% yield, a combination not normally amenable to Ullmann coupling. Electron-withdrawing groups present on the electrophile may be as diverse as nitro, cyano, formyl, acetyl, ester, amide, and even aryl. The method features a simple reaction procedure that provides products in generally good to excellent purified yields.
Facile synthesis of 1,2-thiobenzonitriles <i>via</i> Cu-catalyzed denitrogenative radical coupling reaction
作者:Yao Zhou、Ya Wang、Yixian Lou、Qiuling Song
DOI:10.1039/c9cc05099j
日期:——
A Cu-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-thiobenzonitriles via oxidative C–N cleavage of 3-aminoindazoles followed by radical coupling with thiols is developed. A diverse array of 1,2-thiobenzonitriles were obtained in good yields with wide substrate scope. Notably, this is the first example of denitrogenative radical coupling with 3-aminoindazoles.