1,1-dichloroethane appears as a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. Slightly soluble in water and slightly denser than water. Flash point below 70°F. Vapors denser than air. Used to make other chemicals.
颜色/状态：
Colorless, oily liquid
气味：
Aromatic ethereal odor
味道：
As of chloroform
熔点：
-96.9 °C
闪点：
-10.0 °C (14.0 °F) - closed cup
溶解度：
In water, 5,040 mg/L at 25 °C
蒸汽密度：
3.44 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)
蒸汽压力：
2.27X10+2 mm Hg at 25 °C
亨利常数：
0.01 atm-m3/mole
大气OH速率常数：
2.74e-13 cm3/molecule*sec
稳定性/保质期：
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
自燃温度：
458 °C
分解：
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, Hydrogen chloride gas.
粘度：
0.464 mPa s at 25 °C; 0.362 mPa s at 50 °C
腐蚀性：
Will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.
燃烧热：
-4,774 Btu/lb = -2,652 cal/g = -111X10+5 J/kg
汽化热：
131.6 Btu/lb = 73.1 cal/g = 3.06X10+5 J/kg
表面张力：
24.07 mN/m at 20 °C
电离电位：
11.06 eV
气味阈值：
Threshold concentration: 120 ppm (no specific isomer); 200 ppm (no specific isomer).
折光率：
Index of refraction: 1.4167 at 20 °C
相对蒸发率：
Measured half-life for evaporation from 1 ppm aqueous solution at 25 °C, still air, and an average depth of 6.5 cm: 32 min.
The metabolism of 1,1-dichloroethane after chronic oral dosing of adult mice and rats at maximum tolerated doses /was studied/. The maximum tolerated dose was 700 mg/kg for rats and 1800 mg/kg for mice. Animals were treated 5 d/wk for 4 wk with unlabeled 1,1-dichloroethane prior to a single gavage dose of labeled material in corn oil. The animals were placed in metabolism cages for 2 d following treatment. Rats excreted 86% as unchanged 1,1-dichloroethane and mice 70%. Total metabolism (primarily CO2) was 7.5 and 29% respectively, and the metabolic products were similar in the two species. Although the investigators report radioactivity as "bound", the "binding" may have been due to incorporation as metabolites rather than due to alkylation.
.... In vitro studies confirmed that little 1,1-dichloroethane is metabolized. Cytochrome P450 appears to play a major role in metabolism and the addition of substances that increase P450 increase metabolism of 1,1-dichloroethane. Addition of glutathione had a protective effect.
The covalent binding of 1,1-dichloroethane to nucleic acids and protein was investigated by treating male Wistar rats and BALBC/c mice with radiolabeled 1,1-dichloroethane through intraperitoneal doses of 127 uCi/kg body weight. The animals were sacrificed 22 hours postinjection, and the liver, kidneys, stomach, and lungs were were processed for DNA-, RNA-, and protein-associated radioactivity measurements. RNA binding was greater than DNA binding in both species and all organs examined. The highest level of DNA binding occurred in the rat stomach and mouse liver. RNA binding was greatest in rat liver and mouse lung.
The binding of 1,1-dichloroethane to the substrate binding site of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the stimulation of hepatic microsomal carbon monoxide-inhibitable NADPH oxidation by 1,1-dichloroethane were enhanced by induction with phenobarbital but not with beta-naphthoflavone. Incubation of 1,1-dichloroethane with hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated Long Evans rats, a NADPH-generating system, and EDTA resulted in the conversion of 1,1-dichloroethane to acetic acid, and to a lesser extent to 2,2-dichloroethanol, and probably also to mono- and dichloroacetic acids. The authors concluded that 1,1-dichloroethane is metabolized by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 in vitro. This metabolism appears important in mediating toxicity of the compound.
The susceptibility of polychlorinated ethanes to reductive metabolism was evaluated by measuring the amount of each compound consumed during anaerobic incubations with rat liver microsomes. ... The dichloroethanes were not metabolized at a detectable rate. ...
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
毒性总结
识别和使用：1,1-二氯乙烷是一种无色、油性的液体。它被用作生产氯乙烯和1,1,1-三氯乙烷的化学中间体。它也是一种谷物熏蒸剂，并有限地用作塑料、油、脂肪、油漆和清漆的溶剂。1,1-二氯乙烷用于制造高真空橡胶和硅酮润滑脂。该化学品还可以用作抗爆汽油的偶联剂，用于金属脱脂、有机合成和矿石浮选。它曾用作麻醉剂，但在这个领域今天已不重要。
人体研究：暴露于该化合物的症状可能包括肝脏和肾脏损害、皮肤和眼睛刺激、皮炎、皮肤烧伤、昏迷、中枢神经系统抑制、嗜睡、恶心、呕吐、晕厥、呼吸道刺激、流涎、打喷嚏、咳嗽、眩晕、流泪、结膜发红、发绀和循环衰竭。
动物研究：在14天的观察期内，家兔皮肤暴露于上限剂量2毫升/千克体重的1,1-二氯乙烷24小时，未观察到毒性效应。在一项对成年雄性大鼠的急性毒性研究中，浓度为8.0克/千克的剂量下有显著死亡率。小鼠腹膜内注射1000毫克/千克未产生肾坏死，但报告了一些管状肿胀的证据。注射2000毫克/千克后尿蛋白增加，注射4000毫克/千克后尿糖增加。大鼠在4000 ppm的浓度下吸入暴露8小时后存活，但在16000 ppm的浓度下死亡。小鼠吸入8000-10000 ppm的1,1-二氯乙烷2小时后观察到麻醉效果，最小致死剂量为17300 ppm。单次腹膜内注射150、300、500和750毫克/千克体重的1,1-二氯乙烷对豚鼠未能引起血清鸟氨酸转氨酶活性的变化，且肝脏未产生组织学变化。怀孕的雌性大鼠在妊娠第6至15天暴露于3800或6000 ppm的1,1-二氯乙烷蒸汽，每天7小时。除了母鼠食物消耗和体重增加略有但统计学上显著的减少，以及胎儿骨骼形成延迟外，母鼠或胎儿没有出现其他影响。没有与暴露相关的畸形效应。一组非怀孕大鼠的肝脏重量因类似暴露而增加，但大体或显微镜下没有明显的组织学变化。长期暴露于1,1-二氯乙烷导致雌性大鼠乳腺腺癌和血管肉瘤的发生率增加，以及小鼠肝细胞癌和良性子宫息肉的发生率增加。1,1-二氯乙烷具有遗传毒性潜力，通过小鼠骨髓染色体畸变和微核形成试验测量。对培养的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞的细胞遗传学效应测试表明，1,1-二氯乙烷诱导了姐妹染色单体交换，但无论是代谢激活与否，都没有引起染色体畸变数量的增加。在沙门氏菌/微粒体试验（Ames试验）中，它不是致突变剂。
生态毒性研究：在实验室实验中评估了一系列氯代乙烯和乙烷对杂交杨树（Populus deltoides x nigra DN34）的影响。发现不利影响随着同类乙烯或乙烷中氯原子数量的增加而增加。乙烯比类似氯化的乙烷更具毒性。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,1-Dichloroethane is a colorless, oily liquid. It is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of vinyl chloride and of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. It is also a grain fumigant and has limited use as a solvent for plastics, oils, fats, paint, and varnishes. 1,1-Dichloroethane is used in the manufacture of high vacuum rubber and silicone grease. The chemical can also be used as a coupling agent in antiknock gasoline, for metal degreasing, organic synthesis, and ore floatation. It was formerly used as an anesthetic but it is of no importance in this field today. HUMAN STUDIES: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include liver and kidney damage, skin and eye irritation, dermatitis, skin burns, unconsciousness, CNS depression, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, faintness, irritation of the respiratory tract, salivation, sneezing, coughing, dizziness, lacrimation, reddening of the conjunctiva, cyanosis, and circulatory failure. ANIMAL STUDIES: No toxic effects were observed in rabbits dermally exposed to an upper limit dose of 2 mL 1,1-dichloroethane/kg bw for 24 hr during a 14-day observation period. In a study of acute toxicity to adult male rats, there was significant mortality at a concentration of 8.0 g/kg. Intraperitoneal doses of 1000 mg/kg produced no renal necrosis in mice but some evidence of tubular swelling was reported. Urinary protein was increased after injection of 2000 mg/kg and urinary glucose increased after 4000 mg/kg. Rats survived an 8 hr inhalation exposure to 4000 ppm but were killed at 16,000 ppm. Anesthetic effects in mice that inhaled 8,000-10,000 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane for 2 hours were observed, with a minimal lethal dose of 17,300 ppm. Single intraperitoneal injections of 150, 300, 500, and 750 mg 1,1-dichloroethane/kg bw to guinea pigs failed to elicit a change in serum ornithine carbamoyl transferase activity and produced no histological changes in the liver. Pregnant female rats were exposed on days 6 to 15 of gestation to 3800 or 6000 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane vapors, 7 hr/day. No effect occurred in either the dams or fetuses except for slight but statistically significant decreases in food consumption and weight gain by the dams and delayed ossification in the fetuses. No teratological effects were related to exposures. Liver weights of a group of nonpregnant rats were increased by similar exposure, but no histological changes were apparent grossly or microscopically. Chronic 1,1-dichloroethane exposure led to increased incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinomas and hemangiosarcomas in female rats and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and benign uterine polyps in mice. 1,1-Dichloroethane has a genotoxic potential as measured by the bone marrow chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei formation tests in mice. Test for cytogenetic effects in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells indicated that 1,1-dichloroethane induced sister-chromatid exchanges, but did not cause an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations either with or without metabolic activation. It was not mutagenic in Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Effects of a series of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) were assessed in laboratory experiments. Adverse effects were found to increase with increasing number of chlorine atoms within a homologous series of ethenes or ethanes. Ethenes were more toxic than similarly chlorinated ethanes.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dichloroethane is most commonly used in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (1,2-dichloroethane). HUMAN STUDIES: Laboratory investigations were carried out on 280 workers exposed to vinyl chloride and dichloroethane. Some hematological indices and liver function were examined. A case of vinyl chloride disease was reported in which the combined effect of vinyl chloride and dichloroethane was apparent. The acute and subacute toxicity of dichloroethane increased when it was administered under conditions of high temperature. ANIMAL STUDIES: There are no data available.
The limited information available about 1,1-dichloroethane suggests that it may be nephrotoxic, fetotoxic, and possibly carcinogenic. 1,1-Dichloroethane has been observed to enhance cell transformation and results suggest that 1,1-dichloroethane or a metabolite can bind to cellular macromolecules such as DNA. It had been reported that 1,1-dichloroethane binds to nucleic acids and proteins in vivo and in vitro. This binding is also mediated by the liver cytochrome-P-450 system. Phenobarbital enhances the extent of covalent macromolecular binding. Hence, metabolites of 1,1-dichloroethane bind to the DNA, RNA, and tissue proteins. (L403)
CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (rats and mice) as shown by an increased incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinomas and hemangiosarcomas in female rats and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and benign uterine polyps in mice. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons /were/ found in a bioassay to be carcinogenic to both B6C3F1 mice and Osborne-Mendel rats (1,2-dichloroethane), carcinogenic only to mice (1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, hexachloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene), and noncarcinogenic to either species. 1,1-Dichloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane were used to investigate the biochemical bases for tumorigenesis. Studies were conducted after chronic oral dosing of adult mice and rats with the MTD and 1/4 MTD of each compound. ... The noncarcinogens 1,1-dichloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane exhibited 2 to 18 times more binding in mice than did the carcinogens 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. ...
The serum-air partition coefficient of 1,1-dichloroethane (ratio of the concentration in serum to the concentration of the vapor in air) had a value of 8. This value was found to fill an inverse linear correlation between the logarithm of the threshold limit value (TLV) for various halogenated hydrocarbons.
