Copper catalyzed chlorine transfer cyclizations of glycine and glycolic acid derivatives
作者:Jan H. Udding、Henk Hiemstra、Marco N.A. van Zanden、W.Nico Speckamp
DOI:10.1016/0040-4039(91)80706-c
日期:1991.6
Chloroglycine and chloroglycolic acid derivatives smoothly cyclize in the presence of a catalytic amount of cuprouschloride and 2,2′-bipyridine to produce functionalized proline and 2-tetrahydrofurancarboxylic esters, respectively, in an atom transfer process.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed, Chlorine-Transfer Radical Cyclizations of 2-(3-Alken-1-oxy)-2-Chloroacetates. Formal Total Synthesis of Avenaciolide and Isoavenaciolide
作者:Jan H. Udding、Kees C. J. M. Tuijp、Marco N. A. van Zanden、Henk Hiemstra、W. Nico Speckamp
DOI:10.1021/jo00087a011
日期:1994.4
A novel method for the synthesis of functionalized tetrahydrofurans is described. This method involves the treatment of 2-(3-alken-1-oxy)-2-chloroacetates 1 with a catalytic amount of Cu(bpy)Cl in refluxing 1,2-dichloroethane to give good yields of 3-(1-chloroalkyl)-2-tetrahydrofuran carboxylic esters 2. The stereochemical course of the radical cyclizations shows a-preference for the formation of 2,3-cis-substituted tetrahydrofurans in all cases. This selectivity is exploited in the formation of bicyclic lactones which form spontaneously upon ester hydrolysis. As an application of this methodology a formal total synthesis of avenaciolide (28) and isoavenaciolide (29) is described.
π-Cyclizations of α-methoxycarbonyl oxycarbenium ions; synthesis of oxacyclic carboxylic esters
Acid-mediated cyclization reactions are described of seven methyl 2-acetoxy-2-(3-alken-1-oxy)acetates with different chain substitution. The major product of the tin tetrachloride-induced cyclization reaction is in most cases a tetrahydropyran containing an equatorial carbomethoxy function at C2 and an axial chlorine atom at C4. The mechanism of its formation involves a net cis-addition of the intermediate alpha-ester oxycarbenium ion to the carbon-carbon double bond, most likely caused by a quasi axial orientation of the ester function in a chair-like transition state. The results are interpreted by invoking (1) the occurrence of a 2-oxonia-Cope rearrangement and (2) the participation of the ester function in the mechanism of cyclization by trapping the cyclic cationic intermediate. The cyclizations of two methyl 2-acetoxy-2-(4-alken-1-oxy)acetates and two methyl 2-acetoxy-2-(alkynoxy)acetates are also described .
Enzymatic resolution of α-acetoxyethers: A new approach to the synthesis of homochiral O,O-acetals
作者:Sarah J. Fletcher、Christopher M. Rayner
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01483-5
日期:1999.9
A variety of alpha-acetoxyethers can be prepared by addition of an alcohol to a glyoxylate and ill situ acetylation using acetyl chloride. They can then be resolved using Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase. Selectivity is highly dependent on the substrate, with high enantiomeric excesses achieved in most cases, with some notable exceptions. Use of alternative lipase enzymes helps overcome such limitations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Xanthate Transfer Cyclization of Glycolic Acid-Derived Radicals. Synthesis of Five- to Eight-Membered Ring Ethers
作者:Jan H. Udding、J. P. M. Giesselink、Henk Hiemstra、W. Nico Speckamp
DOI:10.1021/jo00101a027
日期:1994.11
A novel method for the preparation of functionalized five- to eight-membered ring ethers is described. This method involves the xanthate transfer radical cyclization of 2-(alken-1-oxy)-2-[(ethoxythio-carbonyl)sulfanyl]acetic acid methyl esters 6 to give good yields of xanthate-substituted five- to eight-membered ethers 7 and/or 8, depending on the length of the carbon chain. These cyclic ethers are usually obtained as mixtures of diastereomers. The cyclizations are performed at 150-160 degrees C in tert-butylbenzene with di-tert-butyl peroxide as the initiator. This group-transfer radical cyclization was successfully applied in a total synthesis of lauthisan (44). The use of benzoyl xanthate (56) as a catalyst allows a visible light-induced xanthate transfer cyclization to a tetrahydrofuran in high yield.